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英文合同(葛亚军著)

(2009-02-23 17:02:30)
标签:

法律英语

文化

分类: 法律翻译

第一章 英文合同与合同概述

首部:non-operative part

正文:operative part

尾部:recital

证明部分:attestation

签字:signature

附件:appendix

 

第一节  合同概念及成立要件

必备条款:essential clauses/provisions 或 general provisions

contract 和 agreement的区别:

合同属于协议的一种,协议的范围比合同大,规定不如合同具体、规范。实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款限制,而成为合同的文本,必备条款则必不可少。可以说,称作合同的,肯定也可称作协议,称作协议的,不见得符合合同的要求。

contract 和 covenant的区别:

covenant 主要是不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。

contract 和 indenture的区别:

indenture 针对的也是不动产转让,但历史上为证明其真实性,契约被人一撕为二,留下折痕或波浪状撕痕,以供未来核对。

contract 和 deed的区别:

deed 针对的还是不动产的转让,指经签字和转移的一方向另一方出让土地、租房或留遗产的书面协议,历史上的房契即“deed”。

contract 和 compact的区别:

compact 指自然人、国家、州之间订立的协议、协定、或合同,主要指国家间就共同关心的问题达成的协议,也指当事人之间独立而特别设定的、能够并可以强制实施权利和义务的合同,还指当事人就准备执行的或已经执行的财产和权利达成的契约。compact 一词并不主要针对不动产,而指国家间的协定,这就意味着compact一词不大会出现在民事、商事合同中。

 

合同成立的要件:

1.当事人的名称、姓名和住所:name and domicile of the parties

2.标的:contract object

3.数量:quantity

4.质量:quality

5.价款或报酬:price and remuneration

6.履行时效、地点和方式:time limit, place and method of performance

7.违约责任:liability for breach of contract

8.解决争议的方法:methods to settle disputes

1.要约和绝对接受:offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance

2.意思表示“一致”:consensus and idem/meeting of minds

3.简历合同关系的意愿:intention to create legal relations

4.同意的真实性:genuineness of consent

5.合同当事人的缔约能力:contractual capacity of the parties

6.标的物的合法性:legality of object

7.履行的可能性:possibility of performance

8.条款的确定性:certainty of terms

9.等价有偿:valuable consideration

 

变更:modification

合同主体的变更或合同权利义务的整体转让:novation

合同的终止:termination

通知:notice

违约责任:default/breach of contract与救济:remedies

责任的免除:exceptions或不可抗力:majuere

争议的解决:settlement of disputes

合同的生效:effectiveness

合同份数:counterpart 及效力

合同的整体性:entirety及可分割性:severability

文字效力:language

法律适用:applicable law/governing law

 

第二节  英文合同的分类

谅解备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum of understanding,简称MOU,或memorandum

框架性协议/意向性协议/合作意向书:heads of agreement,简称HOA或memorandum of agreement,简称MOA

意向书:letter of intent,简称LOI

初步协议:preliminary agreement

君子协议:gentlemen's agreement

订单:order

章程:articles of association (中国常用表述法)或 articles of incorporation

合同初稿:draft contract

正式合同:contract

合同修改稿:amended contract, amendment to contract

口头合同:oral/parole contract

书面合同:written contract

诺成合同:consensual contract

实践合同:real contract

要式合同:formal contract

不要式合同:informal contract

单务合同:unilateral contract

双务合同:bilateral contract

主合同:principal contract

从合同:accessory contract

要因合同:causative contract

不要因合同:non-causative contract

可替换合同:commutative contract

独立合同:independent contract

明示合同:express contract

隐含合同:implied contract

可分合同:divisible contract/severable contract

不可分合同:indivisible contract/entire contract

已履行合同:executed contract

待履行合同:executory contract

无偿合同:gratuitous contract

有偿合同:onerous contract

确定合同:certain contract

射幸合同:hazardous contract

非盖印合同:simple contract

盖印合同:contract under seal

连带合同:joint and several contract

附条件合同:conditional contract

推定合同:constructive contract

投资合同:investment contract

无限制合同:open end contract

准合同:quasi contract

利他合同:altruistic contract

用于政府采购的照本加成合同:cost-plus contract

买卖合同:sales contract

电、水、气、热力供应合同:contract for supply of power, water, gas or heat

赠与合同:gift contract

借款合同:contract for loan of money

租赁合同:leasing contracts

融资租赁合同:financial leasing contracts

承揽合同:work-for-hire contracts

建设工程合同:contracts for construction projects

运输合同:carriage contract

技术合同:technology contract

保管合同:safe-keeping contract

仓储合同:warehousing contract

委托代理合同:agency appointment contract

委托合同:trade trust contract

行纪合同/居间合同:brokerage contract

劳动合同:labor contract

保密协议:confidentiality agreement

竞业禁止协议:non-compete agreement

人事代理协议:human agency agreement

遗赠抚养协议:legacy-support agreement

离婚协议:divorce agreement

收养协议:adoption agreement

商品房买卖合同:contract of sale for commodity houses

租赁协议:tenancy agreement

土地使用权出让、出租、转让合同:contract for assignment, lease and transfer of the right to the use of land

抵押合同:mortgage contract

贷款合同:loan contract

物业管理合同:property management contract

建筑工程建设安装承包合同:construction engineering and installation contract

买卖合同:sales contract

采购合同:purchase contract

运输合同:carriage/transportation/forwarding contract

进出口合同:import and export contract

仓储保管合同:warehousing contract

补偿贸易合同:contract for compensation trade

供应合同:supply agreement

技术服务协议:technical service agreement

技术咨询协议:technical consulting agreement

技术开发协议:technical development agreement

技术转让协议:technical service agreement

许可协议:licensing agreement

代理协议:agency agreement

保险合同:insurance contract

融资协议:financing agreement

保理合同:factoring contract

外包合同:outsourcing agreement

提存协议:escrow/deposit agreement

服务合同:service agreement

风险投资管理协议:venture capital management agreement

合伙协议:partnership agreement

股权转让协议:share transfer agreement

和解协议:composition agreement

法律顾问协议:employment contract for legal consultant

合资企业合同:joint venture contract

公司设立备忘录:memorandum of incorporations

备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum

公司设立协议:articles of incorporation

章程:articles of association

意向书:letter of intent

意向性协议/框架性协议:heads of agreement

初步协议:preliminary agreement

提存协议:escrow agreement

 

第三节 合同形式的历史沿革

现代合同一般由封面和内容组成,而这其间还可插入“目录”。

英文合同字体一般不小于12号(有上诉法院要求上诉状字号不小于14号),字体一般用times new roman.

大多英文合同行间距为单倍,这比两倍行距更具可读性。合同原件要求纸质较厚,一般为24磅,而不用20磅复印纸。尾部签字部分多用蓝色水笔,以防仿签。

判例法:case law

成文法:statutory law

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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