英文合同(葛亚军著)
(2009-02-23 17:02:30)
标签:
法律英语文化 |
分类: 法律翻译 |
第一章 英文合同与合同概述
首部:non-operative part
正文:operative part
尾部:recital
证明部分:attestation
签字:signature
附件:appendix
第一节
必备条款:essential clauses/provisions 或 general provisions
contract 和 agreement的区别:
合同属于协议的一种,协议的范围比合同大,规定不如合同具体、规范。实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款限制,而成为合同的文本,必备条款则必不可少。可以说,称作合同的,肯定也可称作协议,称作协议的,不见得符合合同的要求。
contract 和 covenant的区别:
covenant 主要是不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。
contract 和 indenture的区别:
indenture 针对的也是不动产转让,但历史上为证明其真实性,契约被人一撕为二,留下折痕或波浪状撕痕,以供未来核对。
contract 和 deed的区别:
deed 针对的还是不动产的转让,指经签字和转移的一方向另一方出让土地、租房或留遗产的书面协议,历史上的房契即“deed”。
contract 和 compact的区别:
compact 指自然人、国家、州之间订立的协议、协定、或合同,主要指国家间就共同关心的问题达成的协议,也指当事人之间独立而特别设定的、能够并可以强制实施权利和义务的合同,还指当事人就准备执行的或已经执行的财产和权利达成的契约。compact 一词并不主要针对不动产,而指国家间的协定,这就意味着compact一词不大会出现在民事、商事合同中。
合同成立的要件:
1.当事人的名称、姓名和住所:name and domicile of the parties
2.标的:contract object
3.数量:quantity
4.质量:quality
5.价款或报酬:price and remuneration
6.履行时效、地点和方式:time limit, place and method of performance
7.违约责任:liability for breach of contract
8.解决争议的方法:methods to settle disputes
或
1.要约和绝对接受:offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance
2.意思表示“一致”:consensus and idem/meeting of minds
3.简历合同关系的意愿:intention to create legal relations
4.同意的真实性:genuineness of consent
5.合同当事人的缔约能力:contractual capacity of the parties
6.标的物的合法性:legality of object
7.履行的可能性:possibility of performance
8.条款的确定性:certainty of terms
9.等价有偿:valuable consideration
变更:modification
合同主体的变更或合同权利义务的整体转让:novation
合同的终止:termination
通知:notice
违约责任:default/breach of contract与救济:remedies
责任的免除:exceptions或不可抗力:majuere
争议的解决:settlement of disputes
合同的生效:effectiveness
合同份数:counterpart 及效力
合同的整体性:entirety及可分割性:severability
文字效力:language
法律适用:applicable law/governing law
第二节
谅解备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum of understanding,简称MOU,或memorandum
框架性协议/意向性协议/合作意向书:heads of agreement,简称HOA或memorandum of agreement,简称MOA
意向书:letter of intent,简称LOI
初步协议:preliminary agreement
君子协议:gentlemen's agreement
订单:order
章程:articles of association (中国常用表述法)或 articles of incorporation
合同初稿:draft contract
正式合同:contract
合同修改稿:amended contract, amendment to contract
口头合同:oral/parole contract
书面合同:written contract
诺成合同:consensual contract
实践合同:real contract
要式合同:formal contract
不要式合同:informal contract
单务合同:unilateral contract
双务合同:bilateral contract
主合同:principal contract
从合同:accessory contract
要因合同:causative contract
不要因合同:non-causative contract
可替换合同:commutative contract
独立合同:independent contract
明示合同:express contract
隐含合同:implied contract
可分合同:divisible contract/severable contract
不可分合同:indivisible contract/entire contract
已履行合同:executed contract
待履行合同:executory contract
无偿合同:gratuitous contract
有偿合同:onerous contract
确定合同:certain contract
射幸合同:hazardous contract
非盖印合同:simple contract
盖印合同:contract under seal
连带合同:joint and several contract
附条件合同:conditional contract
推定合同:constructive contract
投资合同:investment contract
无限制合同:open end contract
准合同:quasi contract
利他合同:altruistic contract
用于政府采购的照本加成合同:cost-plus contract
买卖合同:sales contract
电、水、气、热力供应合同:contract for supply of power, water, gas or heat
赠与合同:gift contract
借款合同:contract for loan of money
租赁合同:leasing contracts
融资租赁合同:financial leasing contracts
承揽合同:work-for-hire contracts
建设工程合同:contracts for construction projects
运输合同:carriage contract
技术合同:technology contract
保管合同:safe-keeping contract
仓储合同:warehousing contract
委托代理合同:agency appointment contract
委托合同:trade trust contract
行纪合同/居间合同:brokerage contract
劳动合同:labor contract
保密协议:confidentiality agreement
竞业禁止协议:non-compete agreement
人事代理协议:human agency agreement
遗赠抚养协议:legacy-support agreement
离婚协议:divorce agreement
收养协议:adoption agreement
商品房买卖合同:contract of sale for commodity houses
租赁协议:tenancy agreement
土地使用权出让、出租、转让合同:contract for assignment, lease and transfer of the right to the use of land
抵押合同:mortgage contract
贷款合同:loan contract
物业管理合同:property management contract
建筑工程建设安装承包合同:construction engineering and installation contract
买卖合同:sales contract
采购合同:purchase contract
运输合同:carriage/transportation/forwarding contract
进出口合同:import and export contract
仓储保管合同:warehousing contract
补偿贸易合同:contract for compensation trade
供应合同:supply agreement
技术服务协议:technical service agreement
技术咨询协议:technical consulting agreement
技术开发协议:technical development agreement
技术转让协议:technical service agreement
许可协议:licensing agreement
代理协议:agency agreement
保险合同:insurance contract
融资协议:financing agreement
保理合同:factoring contract
外包合同:outsourcing agreement
提存协议:escrow/deposit agreement
服务合同:service agreement
风险投资管理协议:venture capital management agreement
合伙协议:partnership agreement
股权转让协议:share transfer agreement
和解协议:composition agreement
法律顾问协议:employment contract for legal consultant
合资企业合同:joint venture contract
公司设立备忘录:memorandum of incorporations
备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum
公司设立协议:articles of incorporation
章程:articles of association
意向书:letter of intent
意向性协议/框架性协议:heads of agreement
初步协议:preliminary agreement
提存协议:escrow agreement
第三节 合同形式的历史沿革
现代合同一般由封面和内容组成,而这其间还可插入“目录”。
英文合同字体一般不小于12号(有上诉法院要求上诉状字号不小于14号),字体一般用times new roman.
大多英文合同行间距为单倍,这比两倍行距更具可读性。合同原件要求纸质较厚,一般为24磅,而不用20磅复印纸。尾部签字部分多用蓝色水笔,以防仿签。
判例法:case law
成文法:statutory law