English teacher for senior middle school students
名词与冠词
I.不可数名词.(不可加S的名词)
1.食品类
meat,
lamb,
bread,
tea,
fish, food,
2. 最常见的不可数名词有:
advice, baggage, change(零钱), furniture, hair, homework,
information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic
baggage; population;
land; soil; equipment; fun; jewelry; work(工作)health;
3. 其它不可数名词还有:
absence, age, anger, courage, energy, failure, fear, ice,
industry, kindness, labor, luck, marriage, music, nature, paper,
peace, pleasure, power, pride, rain, research, respect, safety,
sand, silence, sleep, strength, snow, technology, time, trade,
transport, travel, trust, truth, waste, water, weather, wind,
authority,
4. 不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an ,若要表示它的个体意义时,必须与一个名词短语连用,相当于中文里的【一 +(量词)+ 名词】,其中的量词意义依与具体的名词搭配而定。
例如: a piece of bread[ cake(蛋糕), paper(纸), thread(线), cloth(布),furniture(家具), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), work(工作), meat(肉) ] 一块面包[ 一块蛋糕、一张纸、一根线、…… ] an item of information 一则情报 a burst of applause 一阵掌声 a fit of anger 一顿脾气 a slip of paper 一张纸条 a length of cloth 一段布料 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水它在句子中做主语时,句子的谓语也只用单数形式。例如: Water is a liquid .水是液体。 Wealth doesn't mean happiness .富有并不意味幸福。
5. 不可用冠词的名词
nature;
soil;
6.可加a/an的不可数名词
a pleasure一件乐事
a failure 一次失败
an early age 较小的年纪
a pity
令人惋惜的事
a walk
一次步行
7.部分词组中有无冠词的区别
(1)
in the front
of
(2) at
table
at the
table
(3) be in charge
of
(4) be in possession
of
(5)
in the
hospital
(6) in
prison
in the
prison
(7)
out of the
question/problem
(8)
go to the school/university 去这所学校/大学
(10)church
(11)from the country/countryside
(12)by
sea
(13)at
sea
(14) in a
way
(15)
(16) a number
of
(17) few
friends
(18) with
child
(19) be of age
们
(20) in
red
(21) a
most
(22) for a moment
(23) at a
time
(24) by
day
(25) take
place
(26) in
class
(27) 0n
earth
(28) in future
(29) at back of
(30) out of
office
(31) keep
house
(32) in a
word
(33) three of
us
(34)
word
have a word
have words
(35) the second time第二次
(36) Chinese
而下列几个短语有无冠词,意义则没有差别:
at
most
at the most
至多
8. 不可加介词(on)的时间短语
1.
2.
3.
4. yesterday morning/afternoon/evening;
5. tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening;
9. “单数可数名词”前不用冠词的情况,即称‘零冠词’
零冠词口诀:
学科,棋类名词前。
在英语中,单数可数名词前通常必须加冠词,但在下列情况下不用冠词:
1)、在“be+某些表示个体的单数可数名词+enough+不定式”结构中。在这一结构中,名词起形容词的作用,因而不可加不定冠词a。例如:
(1) Richard was gentleman enough (=gentle enough) to help Anna. 里查德表现了足够的绅士风度,他帮了安娜的忙。
(2) I am not scholar enough (=scholarly enough) to name this plant. 我学识不够,讲不出这个植物的名称。
(3) They are not fool enough (=foolish enough) to believe in such trash. 他们不是傻瓜。他们不会相信这种废话。
(4) Adams and Joel were not man enough (manly enough) to admit their mistakes. 亚当姆和乔尔男子汉气魄不够,不敢承认他们的错误。
〔注〕在例句(3)和例句(4)中,主语They和Adams and Joel都是复数,但名词fool和man仍然用单数,而且不用冠词,不能改为fools和men。
2)、在由一个人担任的职位、职务和头衔、称号单数可数名词之前。例如:
(2) I would make him king over the earth. 我将使他成为全世界的国王。
(3) He is head of the English Department. 他是英语系主任。
3)、在报纸标题、电文、牌示、日记中的单数可数名词前。例如:
(1) 报纸标题: Train saved by Young Pioneer
(2) 电文: Wire definite answer. 明确电复。
(3) 牌示: Hospital Ahead!前面有医院!
4)、单数可数名词(当然其它词也行)作为一个单词使用时。例如:
(1) How do you spell banana?你怎样拼写banana这个词?
(2) Worker is a noun. worker是个名词。
5)、两个单数可数名词同指一个人或物,后面的名词前不用冠词。例如:
6)、表示称呼、尊称的或含有感叹意义的单数可数名词前,不加冠词。例如:
(1) What's the matter, Granny? 怎么了,奶奶?
(2) Poor fellow! He broke his leg. 可怜的孩子!他的腿摔断了。
7)、单数可数名词前已有名词所有格、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、疑问词以及every, some, each, either, any, no, another等作定语时。例如:
(1) Every student must obey the rules at school. 学生在学校就要遵守纪律。
(3) My father has been dead for half a year. 我父亲去世半年了。
(4) I read the story in some book. 我在某本书上读过这个故事。(5) Who is that woman standing under the tree? 站在树下的那个妇女是谁?
(6) Whose brother is that? 那位是谁的兄弟?
8)、球类、棋类单数可数名词前,不加冠词。例如:
(1) We often play basketball. 我们经常打篮球。
(2) Tom and Jack are playing chess(bridge). 汤姆和杰克正在下象棋(玩桥牌)。
9)、在某些介词连接相同或相对的单数可数名词而构成的短语中。例如:
face to face 面对面; door to door 门对门; shoulder by shoulder 肩并肩; hand in hand 手拉手; from door / house to door / house 挨家逐户
10)、以and等连接的两个相对的单数可数名词并用时。例如:
day and night 日日夜夜;husband and wife 夫妻;father and son 父子;master and servant 主仆
11)、与by连用的表示交通工具和手段的没有定语的单数可数名词前。例如:
12)、其它一些固定习语中。例如:
go to school 上学; go to church 做礼拜; at table 在吃饭
in hospital 住院
II: 不规则复数变化的名词
单:
datum
medium
bacterium
auditorium
gymnasium
criterion
phenomenon
man/men
hypothesis/hypotheses
fungus/fungi
III: 单复同形名词:
means
species
series
headquarters
salmon,
IV: 单复数同形意义不同的名词:
politics 单:政治学
statistics
V;单复数形式不同意义不同的名词:
Air
Arms
custom
looks
minute
pains
step
times
water
woods
VI.在短语中只用复数形式的名词:
do exercises 做操 make friends
with与……交朋友
as follows
fix one’s eyes on
关注
make repairs 修理
VII.可接that
appeal, belief ,conclusion, condition, conviction, doubt, evidence, fact, fear, feeling, ground(s), hope, idea, likelihood, message, news, opinion, order, plan, point, possibility, problem, promise, reply, proof, proposal, question, rumor, story, suggestion, suspicion, theory, thought, truth, trouble, understanding, worry
形容词
1.要求形容词作表语的系动词,即可做系动词使用的部分动词:
look, taste, sound, smell, feel, remain, keep, stay, rest, maintain, become, get, grow, turn, seem, appear, lie, exist, go, come, stand, run, prove
2.
costly
kindly
earthly
尘世的
silly
monthly 每月的
weekly
3.
afraid
asleep
alike
aware
4.
earthen
wooden
木制的
daily
yearly
5.
1)表示独一无二的形容词:only, mere, sole, unique, unrivaled, invincible, matchless,
2)表示形状的形容词: round, square, oval, circular, triangular, level
3)表示性质和特征的形容词: atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, wooden, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, ,deaf, blind, lame, rainy.
4)表示状态作表语的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike
5)表示时间、空间和方位的形容词:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final
6)表示极限、主次、等级的形容词:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief, minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite
7)含有绝对概念的形容词:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete, utter, extreme
8)含有比较概念的形容词:comparative, relative
6.形容词并列修饰名词的规则;(请记忆下列口诀)
dopshacom +名词
d= definitive 限定词
op=opinion 人们的观点,看法
sh= shape
a=age
o=origin
m=material
副词
1.
2.
A短语之中
stem largely from
B复+限+形+名 adv.+限定词+n
C并列连词之后,从属连词之前
3. 用于修饰比较级
4. greatly 只修饰动词及分词\much 不修饰形容词原形


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