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高中英语语法之讲解—时态

(2008-11-11 20:08:25)
标签:

教育

分类: 学习帮助

动词时态(一)

1.一般现在时
  1)一般现在时表示真理或事实:
  The earth moves round the sun in 365 days.地球一年三百六十五天都围绕太阳公转。

2)一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态:
  Every evening, after supper, he sits down with a cup of coffee before the television.
  每天晚上在吃完晚饭之后,他都会端着杯咖啡坐在那里看电视。
  Their house is not like ours.他们的房子和我们的不一样。
   **3)一般现在时表示按规定、计划或时间表将要发生的情况
  When does the train leave?火车什么时候开?

  2.一般过去时
  *一般过去时的基本用法:
  1)表示在过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。
  When and where did you shoot that bear?你是何时何地射杀那头熊的?
    2)表示过去的习惯性动作、过去反复发生的事。
  In those days he took his wife and children to the cinema at least once a week.
  在那些日子里,他至少每周一次领着妻子和孩子去看电影。

  8使用一般过去时的其它情况:
  1)过去时的句子通常带有表示一个过去的特定时间或地点状语。常与一般过去时连用的副词有:yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, ago, in 1989, at that time等。
   2)句中没有时间状语时,可依据上下文进行推测。
  —Haven’t you graduated from college?—Yes, I studied French for two years.

—你还没有大学毕业么?—毕业了,我学了两年法语。

  3.现在进行时
  1)表示说话时正在进行的动作:
  Tom, I’m speaking to you. Are you listening?汤姆,我正在和你讲话呢。你正在听吗?
    2)表示目前这个阶段正在进行着的动作:
  The population of the world is increasing rapidly.世界人口正在飞速增长。
   **3)表示说话人的某些感情色彩,常与always,constantly等连用:
  She is always leaving things about.她总是把东西到处乱丢乱放。
   **4)表示近期即将发生的动作:
  They are leaving for Tibet next Monday.他们下周一去西藏。

  4.过去进行时
  1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作:
  She was flying to Paris this time last Monday.上周一的这个时候,她正坐飞机飞往巴黎。
    2)表示过去某个动作正在进行时,另一个动作(突然)发生:
  We were playing football when it began to rain.当我们正在踢球的时候,突然下起了雨。

  5.现在完成时
  1)现在完成时表示过去开始持续到现在的状况或完成的动作。
  It has rained every day so far this month.这个月到目前为止每天都在下雨。
    2)现在完成时表示已有的经历,往往强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响:
  Who has taken my camera? I put it here a moment ago.谁拿了我的照相机?我刚放在这里的。
    3)在时间、条件状语从句中代替将来完成时:
  Don’t go out until you have washed your clothes.洗完衣服你才能出去。
  Please give the book to Lily if you have finished reading it.看完书之后,把它给丽丽。
    4)通常与现在完成时连用的词语:yet, already, by this time, just, ever, never, now, before,  several times, since, up to now, so far, recently, lately, for a long time。

  练习
  1. —Bob must be very wealthy.
    —Yes, he _____ more in one day than I do in a week.
  A. has earned   B. had earned    C. earns  D. is earning

2. The plane for Glasgow _____ at 10:05 on Tuesday morning.
  A. is leaving     B. has left   C. leaves   D. was leaving
  3. Justin _____ rock music to classical.
  A. preferred      B. was preferring  C. has preferred     D. is preferring
  4. That dinner was the most expensive meal we _____.
  A. would have      B. have had    C. have never had   D. had ever had
  5. I _____ all day today and I _____ rather tired now.
  A. have worked; am   B. worked; am C. have worked; have been  D. worked; was
  6. I _____ to Las Vegas before you _____ back next week.
  A. am going; come  B. shall go; come C. am going; will come D. shall go; will come
  7. He _____ in Italy when he _____ the accident.
  A. traveled; had B. was travelling; had  C. traveled; was having D. has traveled; has
  8. Susan _____ to her grandmother’s village for her summer holidays when she _____ young.
  A. used to go; was B. went; used to be  C. has gone; is  D. used to go; was
  9. —Did you wait for him very long?
    —Yes, I _____ to bed until five in the morning.
  A. did go      B. didn’t go    C. had gone     D. went
  10. He ran out crying as soon as I _____ him the bad news.
  A. told    B. tell   C. have told   D. had told
  11. Ten years have passed since we last _____ in London.
  A. meet     B. have met    C. met    . had met
  12. —Haven’t you graduated from college?
    —Yes, ______.
  A. I study French for two years   B. I studied French for two years
  C. I am studying French for two years  D. I have studied French for two years
  13. —We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time.
    —What do you suppose _____ to her?
  A. was happening     B. to happen   C. has happened    D. had happened
  14. She _____ the baby to see if he’s got a temperature.
  A. feels      B. is feeling      C. has felt     D. felt
  15. Why ______ the milk? Has it gone off?
  A. are you smelling B. do you smell  C. did you smell  D. have you smelled
  解析:
  1. 选C。一般现在时表示现在的状况。2. 选C。一般现在时可以表示按计划安排将要做的事情。
  3. 选A。prefer表示情感,不用于现在进行时。 4. 选B。现在完成时表示到现在为止发生的情况。
  5. 选A。现在完成时表示到现在为止发生的情况;一般现在时表示现在的状况。
    6. 选B。在时间状语主句中,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。
  7. 选B。过去进行时表示在过去某段时间正在进行的动作。
  8. 选D。used to do的意思是“过去经常做某事”,相当于过去时。
  9. 选B。not…until…表示“直到……才……”。10. 选A。一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作。
  11. 选C。since的主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。12. 选B。过去时可以表示过去持续的动作。
  13. 选C。现在完成时表示动作对现在的影响。14. 选B。feel在这里是一个及物动词,表示“触摸”。
  15. 选A。现在进行时表示正在发生的动作。

动词时态(二)

1.过去完成时
  过去完成时表示在过去某一活动以前已经完成了的动作。简单地说,过去完成时所表示的时间就是“过去的过去”。常与for, since, already, after, never, before, by the time等连用。如:
  The performance had started before we found our seats.在我们找到座位前演出就已经开始了。
  She had typed all the letters by the time her boss arrived at the office.
  在老板到达办公室的时候她已经打好了所有的信件。

  过去完成时还可以表示动作或某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间:
  He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital.他病了好几天后才去医院。
  It rained at last after it had been dry for several months.连续干旱几个月后,终于下雨了。
  By the end of last year, she had taught in this school for 30 years.
  截至到去年年底,她已经在这个学校执教了30年。

  过去完成时也可表示过去未实现的希望或计划,用过去完成时。常用的动词有:hope, expect, suppose, mean, think, want等。如:
  She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans.
  她本想来拜访我们,但由于天气恶劣使她改变了计划。

  2.一般将来时
  一般将来时可以由以下方式构成:
  **表示单纯将来,第一人称用shall,第二、三人称用will。
  I shall be 18 years old next month.下个月我就整18岁了。
  There will be a new movie shown at the Globe Cinema tonight.今晚环球影院将上映一部新电影。

**注:如果不是表示将来的时间,而是表示意愿、坚持、推论等,will也可用于条件句。例如:
  If you will learn English , I’ll help you .你若愿意学习英语,我将帮助你。
   If you will kindly wait a moment , I’ll ask him to go there with you .你若耐心等一会的话,我将叫他和你一起去那儿。
   如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态,主句中常用will,而条件从句中则用一般现在时表示。例如:
    If you go to England , you will like the food there .如果你去英国的话,你将会喜欢那儿的食物。
  **be going to do表示现在计划好将来要做的事或将来可能发生的事。
  I’m going to stay here until tomorrow night.明晚之前我都在这里。

Look at these black clouds . —It’s going to rain . 看这些乌云。天快要下雨了。
     I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold .恐怕我要得重感冒。

注:一般来说,意图是事先经过考虑的,用be going to表示;反之则用willwill还多用于对话中,即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。例如:
    A. They’re going to meet at the school gate . 他们打算在学校大门见面。
    B. ——Please bring me a cup of tea . 请给我端杯茶来。
      ——I’ll do it in a minute . 我马上就去(端)。
  **be动词和come, leave, reach, return, go, start out, meet, open, die, arrive等表示“来去”“出发”“到达”等的词语和表示未来的时间副词连用,表示近期将发生的动作。
  —When will they leave?  他们什么时候离开?
  —They are leaving very soon.马上。
  Aunt Lucy is returning home from New Zealand next week.露西阿姨下周将从新西兰回来。

  **be about to表示很近的将来,“就要”“即将”。
  The plane is about to take off when the police received a phone call, saying that a bomb might have been planted on it.
  飞机就要起飞的时候警方接到电话,说飞机上可能被人安放了炸弹。

  **be to do表示预先的计划    这种结构着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事。常表示职责、意图、约定、可能性等。例如:
     You are to be back by 11 o’clock . 你必须11点回来。
     We are to meet at the zoo . 我们约定在动物园见面。
     The football match is not to be played today .  今天不能举行足球比赛了。
  —Is he studying for an examination?他是在为考试而复习吗?
  —Yes, he’s to take it next week.是,他下周有个考试。

  **一般现在时可表示按时刻表或安排将要发生的动作。
  The time form Liverpool arrives at 11: 15.从利物浦开往这里的火车将在11点15分到站。

  3.过去将来时
  过去将来时表示过去某个时候将要发生的事或计划、打算要做的事:
  He told me that his father was in hospital and that he would go to see him after work.
  他告诉我他将在下班后去看望住院的父亲。
  They explained that they would build a dam to control flood.

他们解释说要建一座水坝来控制洪水。
  4.现在完成进行时
  表示从过去某时起持续到现在的动作。与现在完成时相比,更强调动作的进行,或将持续下去。常与the whole day, all morning等或for和since引出的短语连用:
  I need a rest. I’ve been fixing my eyes on the screen all day.

我需要休息一下,我都紧紧盯着屏幕一整天了。
  The soldiers have been struggling against the flood day and night for a week.
  战士们日以继夜地和洪水抗战已经一个星期了。

  5.过去完成进行时
  表示从过去某时起持续到过去另一时间的动作,可能刚刚终止,也可能继续下去。与现在完成进行时用法相似,只是以过去时间为着眼点。
 He had been working there for three years before he moved to London.                                                在他搬到伦敦之前他在那里工作了三年。
  练习:
  1._____ my brother several times today but his line was always busy.
  A.I’d phone  B.I’ve phoned C.I was phoning D.I’ve been phoning
  2._____ that dress when I first saw you at the airport?
  A.Have you worn   B.Were you wearing C.Did you wear   D.Do you wear
  3.Standing in front of him was a man that she _____ before.
  A.never saw    B.has never seen C.never sees  D.had never seen
  4.All the color TV sets _____ out before we arrived.
  A.are sold    B.have been sold C.will be sold  D.had been sold
  5.Why don’t you put the milk in the fridge? It _____ fresh for a while.
  A.will be staying    B.will stay   C.stays   D.has stayed
  6.I _____ you not to move my dictionary—now I can’t find it!
  A.asked     B.was asking C.ask      D.had asked
  7.According to the art dealer, the paining _____ to go for at least a million dollars.
  A.is expecting    B.expects   C.expecte   D.is expected
  8.At this time tomorrow _____ over the Pacific Ocean.
  A.we’re going to fly   B.we’ll be flying C.we’re to fly   D.we’ll fly
  9.In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _____.
  A.would survive  B.will survive C.are surviving   D.are to survive
  10.A new hospital _____ in the village.They hope to finish it next month.
  A.will be built    B.is built  C.has been built  D.is being built
  11.The police _____ for the thief everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.
  A.searched    B.have searched C.were searching   D.are searching
  12.Tom _____ football with other boys when he should have been doing his homework.That is      why his mother scolded him.
  A.played    B.was playing C.had been playing   D.had played
  13.Visitors _____ not to touch the exhibits.
  A.will request B.are requesting C.requested   D.are requested
  14.—What time _____ the next train _____ for London?
  —At 10:30.
  A.does; leave   B.do; leave C.will; leave   D.is; leaving
  15.—Peter _____ for California this morning.
    —Oh, I thought he _____ until next week.
  A.left; wasn’t going     B.has left; isn’t going
  C.left; won’t be going    D.has left; hadn’t been going
  1.选B。现在完成时表示到现在为止持续的动作。

2.选B。过去进行时表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
  3.选D。过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻之前的动作。
  4.选D。在我们到达之前全部都被卖出,是过去的过去,所以是过去完成时。
  5.选B。将来时表示将来的动作,将会。6.选B。过去时表示发生在过去的动作。
  7.D。be expected表示“被预计”。8.B。将来进行时表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。
  9.D。be动词加不定式可以表示将来发生的动作。
  10.D。be being done是现在进行时的被动语态,表示动作正在被做。
  11.C。过去进行时表示过去正在发生的动作。12.B。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作。
  13.D。一般现在时被动语态。14.A。一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要发生的事情。
  15.A。I thought是“我本以为”,后面用过去将来时,表示从过去看将要发生的情况。

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