标签:
杂谈 |
公私领域与中国社会
胡泳
北京大学新闻与传播学院副教授
一、近现代中国私域与公域的分化
二、从极权主义制度到改革年代:公共领域的消失与再现
三、后极权主义文化:“伟大让位于魅力”
【注释】
![]()
[1] 参见陈弱水的《公共意识与中国文化》,特别是“中国历史上‘公’的观念及其现代变形”一文,新星出版社,2006年。
[2] 沟口雄三,“中国与日本‘公私’观念之比较”,《二十一世纪》,1994年2月号。
[3] Nosco, Peter, 2001, “Confucian Perspectives on Civil Society
and Government,” in Nancy L. Rosenblum and Robert C. Post, eds.
Civil Society and Government. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University
Press.p.339.
[4] 柯文著,林同奇译,《在中国发现历史:中国中心观在美国的兴起》,中华书局,2002年。
[5] Schoppa, R. Keith. 1982. Chinese Elites and Political Change:
Zhejiang Province in the Early Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
[6] Rowe, William T. Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese
City, 1796-1889. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984;
Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989.
[7] Rowe, William T., 1990, “The Public Sphere in Modern China.”
Modern China 16(3): 326.
[8] Rankin, Mary Backus. 1986. Elite Activism and Political
Transformation in China: Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.
[9] Strand, David. 1989. Rickshaw Beijing: City People and Politics
in the 1920s China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
p.168.
[10]
王笛,“晚清长江上游地区公共领域的发展”,《历史研究》,1996年第1期,第5-16页;李长莉,“公共领域及私观念的近代演变——以晚清上海为例”,载刘泽华主编的《公私观念与中国社会》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年,第218-243页。
[11] 许纪霖,“近代中国的公共领域:形态、功能与自我理解——以上海为例”,《史林》,2003年第2期。
[12]
马敏,《官商之间——社会剧变中的近代绅商》,天津人民出版社,1995年;朱英,《转型时期的社会与国家——以近代中国商会为主体的历史透视》,华中师范大学出版社,1997年。
[13]
金观涛、刘青峰,《从“群”到“社会”、“社会主义”——中国近代公共领域变迁的思想史研究》,中央研究院近代史研究所集刊,第35期
(2000年6月)。
[14] Rankin, 1997, “State and Society in Early Republican Politics,
1912-18.” The China Quarterly 150: 263.
[15]
参见黄宗智的“中国的‘公共领域’与‘市民社会’?——国家与社会间的第三领域”,魏斐德的“市民社会和公共领域问题的论争——西方人对当代中国政治文化的思考”(张小劲、
常欣欣译),载《国家与市民社会》,中央编译出版社,2005年。
[16] Weller, Robert P. 1999. Alternate Civilities: Democracy and
Culture in China and Taiwan. Boulder, CO: Westview. p.27.
[17] 孔飞力著,谢亮生等译,《中华帝国晚期的叛乱及其敌人:1796~1864 年的军事化与社会结构》,中国社会科学出版社,1990
年,第230页。
[18] 李猛, “从‘士绅’到‘地方精英’”,《中国书评》,1995年第5期。
[19] Cohen, Jean L. 1982. Class and Civil Society: The Limits of
Marxian Critical Theory. Amherst, MA: The University of
Massachusetts Press. p.255.
[20]
参见章清的“近代中国对‘公’与‘公共’的表达”,载许纪霖编,《公共性与公共知识分子》,江苏人民出版社,2003年。
[21] Mittler, Barbara. 2004. A Newspaper for China? Power,
Identity, and Change in Shanghai’s News Media, 1872-1912.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[22] 鹤谷, “论中国书报不能发达之故”,《东方杂志》第2卷第1期,1905年2月28日。
[23] 景藏,“今后杂志界之职务”,《东方杂志》第16卷第7号,1919年7月15日。
[24] 坚瓠, “本志的第二十年”,《东方杂志》第20卷第1号,1923年1月10日。
[25] 赵红全,“论我国公共领域的现代生长”,《理论与改革》,2004(3):18。
[26]
仅举若干中外专著:邓正来,《国家与社会:中国市民社会研究》,四川人民出版社,1997年;李凡,《静悄悄的革命:中国当代市民社会》,明镜出版社,1998年;马长山,《国家、市民社会与法治》,商务印书馆,2002年;王新生,《市民社会论》,广西人民出版社,2003年;Rosenbaum,
Arther Lewis, ed. State and Society in China: The Consequences of
Reform (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Goodman, David S. G.
and Beverley Hooper, eds. China’s Quiet Revolution: New
Interactions between State and Society (New York: St. Martin’s,
1994); Walder, Andrew, ed. The Waning of the Communist State:
Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995); White,
Gordon, Jude Howell and Shang Xiaoyuan,In Search of Civil Society:
Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1996); Brook, Timothy and Michael Frolic, eds.
Civil Society in China(Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1997); He,
Baogang,The Democratic Implications of Civil Society in China (New
York: St. Martin’s, 1997); Brodsgard, Kjeld Erik and David Strand,
eds. Reconstructuring Twentieth-Century China: State Control, Civil
Society, and National Identity (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998); Kluver,
Randy and John H. Powers, eds. Civic Discourse, Civil Society, and
Chinese Communities (Stamford, CT: Ablex, 1999); Ding, Yijiang.
Chinese Democracy after Tiananmen (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001),
Chap. 4; Dickson, Bruce J. ,Red Capitalists in China: The Party,
Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change (London:
Cambridge University Press, 2003).
[27] White et al., In Search of Civil Society, p.20.
[28] Lieberthal, Kenneth. 1995. Governing China: From Revolution
through Reform. New York: W. W. Norton. p.111.
[29] Wittfogel, Karl A. 1967. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative
Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Chapters 1-5.
[30] Arendt, Hannah. 1979[1951]. The Origins of Totalitarianism.
New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.466.
[31] 孙立平等, “改革以来中国社会结构的变迁”,《中国社会科学》,1994年第2期。
[32] 邹谠,《二十世纪中国政治》,牛津大学出版社,1994年。
[33] 除了阿伦特1951年的著作,其他的有关极权主义的论著还有:Talmon, Jacob. Origins of
Totalitarian Democracy ( New York: Frederick A. Praeger,
1960[1952]; Milosz, Czeslaw. The Captive Mind. Tr. Jane Zielonko
(New York: Random House, 1951); Friedrich, Carl J. Totalitarianism
(New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1954); Friedrich, Carl
J. and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Brzezinski,
Zbigniew, Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956).
[34] Kassoff, Allan, 1964, “The Administered Society:
Totalitarianism without Terror.” World Politics 16(4):
558-75.
[35] Linz, Juan, “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes,”in Fred
I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds. Handbook of Political
Science. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1975, vol. 3.
[36] Walzer, Michael. “On ‘Failed Totalitarianism’,” in Irving
Howe, ed. 1984 Revisited: Totalitarianism in Our Century. New York:
Harper & Row, 1983. pp. 107,113.
[37] 李慎之,“良心与主义”,《战略与管理》,1999年第1期。
[38] Keane, John. Vaclav Havel: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts.
London: Bloomsbury, 1999.
[39] Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan. 1996. Problems of Democratic
Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and
Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University
Press.
[40] Havel, Vaclav, “The Power of the Powerless, ”in Vaclav Havel
or Living in Truth, ed. Jan Vladislav. Boston: Faber and Faber,
1986, p.45.
[41] Bernhard, Michael H. 1993. The Origins of Democratization in
Poland: Workers, Intellectuals, and Oppositional Politics,
1976-1980. New York: Columbia University Press.pp.7,9.
[42] Kuron, Jacek, 1977, “Reflections on a Programme of Action.”The
Polish Review XXII(3):51-69.
[43] Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1996. The State against Society: Political
Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe. Princeton. NJ:
Princeton University Press. p.232.
[44] Michnik, “The New Evolutionism.”Letters from Prison and Other
Essays. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986,
pp.135-48.
[45] Arendt, Hannah. 1972. Crisis in the Republic. New York:
Harcourt Brace Jovanich, p.143.
[46] 有关波兰的自主的政治领域的兴起,参见Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. Beyond Glasnost: The
Post-Totalitarian Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1989,
Chap.5. 团结工会的活动的叙述参见Ash, T. Gordon. The Polish Revolution:
Solidarity. New York: Vintage, 1985.
[47] 顾昕,“当代中国有无公民社会与公共空间?”,《当代中国研究》,1994年第4期。
[48] Tsou, Tang,“Back from the Brink of Revolutionary—‘Feudal’
Totalitarianism,”in Victor Nee and David Mozingo, eds. State and
Society in Contemporary China (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1983); Lieberthal, Kenneth G. and Michel Oksenberg. Policy
Making in China: Leaders, Structures, and Processes (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1988); Bova, Russell, “Political
Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transition: A Comparative
Perspective,”in World Politics 44(1):113-138, 1991; Zhang, Baohui,
“Corporatism, Totalitarianism, and Transitions to
Democracy,”Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 27, No.1, 1994,
pp.108-136; Chen, Jie, China since the Cultural Revolution: From
Totalitarianism to Authoritarianism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995);
萧功秦,“后全能主义时代的来临:世纪之交中国社会各阶层政治态势与前景展望”,《当代中国研究》,1999年第1期。萧所说的“全能主义”实即极权主义,他认为,“极权主义”这一译名具有太多的冷战色彩,故以“更为中性、更具描述性”的“全能主义”代替之。笔者对此不敢苟同,作为一种与现代性高度相关的暴政,极权主义的野蛮性并不因冷战的结束而稍减。
[49] Guo, Sujian. 2000. Post-Mao China: From Totalitarianism to
Authoritarianism? Westport, CT: Praeger.
[50] 徐贲,“中国的‘新极权主义’及其末世景象”,《当代中国研究》,2005年第4期。
[51] Orwell, George. 1946.“Politics and the English Language,”in A
Collection of Essays by George Orwell. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanich.
[52] 米兰·昆德拉把“大游行”称为极权主义的“媚俗”。See Kundera, Milan, The Unbearable
Lightness of Being. Trans. Michael Henry Heim. New York: Harper and
Row, 1984, p. 257.
[53] 张念,“娱乐公民的快感原则”,载唐浩主编:《大话超女——对一个娱乐神话的解析》,北京出版社,2005年。
[54]
香港记者采访2005年“超级女声”年度总冠军李宇春的支持者即“玉米”的时候,有位“玉米”说:“现在社会很稳定,我们不需要为它忧虑”。当被问到想不想志愿帮助贫困者以改善社会时,这位“玉米”回答:“那是政府的事情。”See
“Super Girl Revolution,”Standard Weekend, Sep. 3, 2005
(http://www.thestandard.com.hk/weekend_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=746&sid=4379240&con_type=1&d_str=20050903).
[55] 转引自朱学勤的“从一支烟到一本书”,《读书》,1997年第6期。
[56] 汉娜·阿伦特著,竺乾威等译,《人的条件》,上海人民出版社,1999年,第39-40页。


加载中…