english learning

1.consist of sth  由……构成( be made up of…)
eg. The paper consists of eight pages.
    Your password should consist of at least 5 characters.
    Our class consists of 30 boys and 25 girls.
2.consist in  在于  the happiness of a country consists in the freedom of its citizens.
state
     n. 国家，政府，州，状态
     in a … state
     When we bought the house, it was in a terrible state.
     She was in an extremely confused state of mind.
     vt. (formally say or write information or your opinion)
     Our government has clearly stated its attitude towards Taiwan  issues.
3.mistaken adj.
      if you are mistaken, you are wrong about something that you thought you knew or saw.
      I thought he said 12:00, but I might have been mistaken.
By  mistake
4.narrow adj. ( 反义：wide, broad)
     The stairs in the teaching building are so narrow that they may be the main reason for some dangers.
     narrow escape
     a situation in which you just avoid danger, difficulties or trouble
     A woman had a narrow escape yesterday when her car left the road.
     narrow victory/defeat
     The president won a narrow victory in the election.
5.be made up of…(主动态：make up… vt.)
      Women make up only a small proportion of the prison  population.
      The committee is made up of representatives from every state.
be made from  由……制成（发生化学变化的制成）
be made of  由……制成（发生物 理变化的制成）
be made in 在……制造 be made into  把……制成   be made up of  由……组成
6.republic   n.
      The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.
7.make the most use of  充分利用
             make the most of every chance to speak English.
             make the best of
             make  good use of
8.diversity   (variety)  singular
             a diversity of opinions
9.hold together 团结在一起
             ·We can't be defeated if we hold together.
    hold 的相关短语：
             hold back 
             hold up
             hold a meeting
             hold one's breath
10.form
           ∙形成，构成
The winning party will form the government.
The sense of glory should form the basis of an excellent class.
In English the past tense of a verb is usually formed by adding "ed".
A plan began to form in his mind.
 ∙建造，建立
  The new minister is forming his government.
   ∙养成，培养
Good habits are not formed in a day. Form a food habit of
11.the Pacific
     the Atlantic
     the Indian
     the Arctic
12.in general ( usually or in most situations )
I have a general idea of what I want to express.
 This is the way to improve your general health.
∙In general, the northerners are keen on dumplings while the southerners are fond of rice.
It has been found that , in general, those who are clever but not
     hard-working can not go far in his study.
∙generally speaking
           ∙frankly speaking
           ∙broadly speaking
13.influence  vt.  影响，对……有作用
           ∙Don't let small things influence you decision.
           ∙What influenced you to change you idea?
    n. [u. c.]   influence on / over
             under the influence of
             under sb.'s influence
            ∙Parents have a great influence on their children.
            ∙He used his father's influence to earn money.
            ∙he has played the violin for twenty years under the influence of his mother.
14.basis   c. n.
            ∙His theory has a solid basis in fact.
            ∙What's the basis of your idea？
     on a/the basis of  以……为基础；依据
            ∙Employers are not allowed discriminate on the basis of sex.
     base/basis
     base 主要用于物质方面的基础，the base of a building
     basis 用于指非物质方面的基础， the economic basis
base --- on----(be based on /)
15.union        c. n.
              trade union
              student union
              labor union
16.judge vt.& vi. 判断，判决，评价
              judge by /from sth.
              ∙You should never judge a person by their looks.
              ∙Judging from what you say in your letter, you don't sound well.
              ∙Don't judge a book by its cover.
               n. 法官，裁判员
17.proof    c. n.  证据；证物；证明      proofs
                    v.      prove
                    ∙The design proved to be a success.
18.own   vt.   拥有
               the cost of owning a car
               a privately owned company
              ∙Many more young people now own their own homes.
         adj.
               ∙Every dance has its own rhythm.
               ∙I'd like to have my own home.
           n.
               ∙I'd like to have a place of my own.=my own home
19.foot
              ∙He is six feet tall, with blonde hair.
              ∙She is five foot three.=five feet and three inches
20.em‧ploy [transitive]
1 to pay someone to work for you:
The factory employs over 2000 people.
employ somebody as something
Kelly is employed as a mechanic.
employ somebody to do something
We have been employed to look at ways of reducing waste.
2 to use a particular object, method, skill etc in order to achieve something
employ a method/technique/tactic etc
The report examines teaching methods employed in the classroom.
3 [usually passive] formal to spend your time doing a particular thing
be employed in (doing) something
Her days are employed in gardening and voluntary work.
21.namely
        such as ,  for example ,  for instance,  like
22.sheet     c. n.      a sheet of
23.approach  n. 靠近，走近，方法，途径
                       vi. & vt. 走近，靠近；着手（考虑）处理；找或接近（某人）
         ∙The approach of winter brings cold weather.
         ∙All approaches were blocked.
         ∙He presented a new approach.
         ∙National Day is approaching.
         ∙We approached the problem with caution.
         ∙He is rather difficult to approach.
          我们悄悄地靠近那些小鸟。
24.geography
Speaking
1. in the West:
     the West: the western part of the world and the people that live 
                        there, esp. Western Europe and North America.
 2. Most people in the West agree that …
      Q: Can we change the sentence form ?
      It is agreed by most people in the West that…
 3. …they find it difficult to say simple things in Chinese.
     ---" Have you finished your maths exercise?
      ---" No, I find it too difficult to finish."
        I find it too difficult to finish the maths exercises.
 4. … it is just a matter of looking at maps carefully and remembering all the names of the cities and provinces.
         a matter of…
         1) 一个...的问题/事情
         2) 大约、大概
         How far you can go in your life is a matter of personal habit.
         It is just a matter of a few minutes to get to the station.
         The quality of the ambulance service is a matter of life and death.
 5. The Group of Eight:
      Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the US, Japan, Italy, Canada.
 6. … it is easier for small countries to become strong and rich than for large countries.
7. ... have advantages over other countries?
 1. The idea that England stands for… is past.
     that这里引导“同位语从句”，它属于四大“名词性从句”之一。
     四大名词性从句：
           主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
 2. Within Great Britain for many years now, there has been a  growing  movement to make the most of its cultural diversity.
      多年以来，在英国国内，一个开发多种文化的运动正在蓬勃 发展。
 3. to see it as it really is: a nation of different countries held together  by a common language and culture.
      as it is: 照现在这个样子；根据现在的情况看。
         They hope to finish the kitchen by Friday, but as it is they'll probably have to come back next week.
 4. ...a group of islands that lie off the west coast of Europe.
         方位词与介词连用的问题：
         四个介词：in, on, to, off
          A is in the east of B.  A位于B的领地范围之内，即A位于B的东   
                                                部地区。
          A is to the east of B.  A在B以东，即A不在B的领地范围。
          A is on the east of B. A与B两地接壤。（注意：也可以说
                                                                                   A is to the east of B.）
          A is off the east coast of B.  A与B的东海岸隔海相望。
 5. The island just west of Britain is called Ireland.  adv.
      = The island to the west of Britain …n.    
6. Between Britain and Ireland, in the Irish Sea, lies the small Isle of Man.   
      Q: 这是个什么句式？
      A:  倒装，全部倒装。
 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通 常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词
      常用be, come, go, lie, run。
        There goes the bell. There comes the bus.
        Then came the chairman.
        Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
       Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
       Ahead sat an old woman.
 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是
             人称代词则不能完全倒装。
               Here he comes.　　 Away they went.
 7. …surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east.
         Translate:
         大西洋位于英国西面，东面是北海。
The Atlantic Ocean lies to the west of Britain, and the North Sea lies to the east of it.
 The Atlantic Ocean lies to the west of Britain, with the North Sea to the east. (高分句)
 8. Scotland is colder through the year.  all around the year
 9. …the difference in temperature… can be as much as nine degrees.
         as much as + 表示度量衡、金钱、能量等复数名词。
         “多达、到达…...的程度”
         比较：
        As many as ten or twelve people were found living in a single room.
        The rain is plentiful here, often as much as 70 inches yearly.
        Our school consumes as much as 500 tons of solid fuel per week.
        The deepest holes are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.
       He drinks as much as three bottles of milk a day.
            He drinks as much as three jin of milk a day.
 10. … bringing their own culture and language with them.
        Q: 啥状语？
        A: 结果。
 11. The first two countries forming the Union were …
        Q: forming the Union 是啥成分？
        A: 后置定语。
 12. … the southern part of Ireland was only part of the UK …
        Q: 你知道" part of" 和"a part of" 的区别么？
        A: 当part 之前无修饰语时，part前往往不加不定冠词，当part
             前有修饰语时，通常要加不定冠词。
 13. Only the northern counties, making up Northern Ireland, are still
        part of the United Kingdom.
                                                       相当于非限制定从
                                              ,which make up Northern Ireland,
 14. There are six spoken languages that are considered to be native
        to the British Isles as well as two local accents.
        在英国，有六种口语及两种地方口音被认为是当地语。
  be native to…
  native: growing, living, produced etc. in one particular place.
        These fish are native to North America.
 15. That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is…
        现在，这些语言中大部分正面临着几乎消亡的威胁…….
 16. They realise that it is of great value …
        1) be of +抽象名词= be + 其同根形容词
             of great importance= very important
             of no use= useless/of help= helpful
        2) be of + 普通名词
             Coins may be of different sizes, weights, shapes and of different metals.
             The two pairs of shoes are of one size.
             ……………………………………….  of the same size.
             The wall is of stone.( The wall is made of stone.)
Integrating skills
1. All around the city of Salisbury, as far as 22 miles to the west, …
     as far as: 远及，远达
     They managed to get as far as the Spanish border.
 2. There could be as many as 600,000 sheep fed within six miles of
      Salisbury, measuring every way round and the town in the centre.
      measure: to travel over (前进，经过一段距离)（古英语）
            We must measure 20 miles today.我们今天必须走20英里。
      全句翻译：
         在以索尔兹伯里为中心方圆6英里的范围就有60万只羊，它们
         在中心的城镇及周边踱来踱去。
 3. The cathedral is famous for…, which is without doubt…, being from the ground 404 feet.
      being from the ground 404 feet
    =which is 404 feet from the ground.
      The cathedral, (being) 404 feet from the ground, is famous for the 
      height of its tower, which is without doubt the highest and the
      most handsome in England.
 4. …, but they become a large river when joined together, and yet
     larger when joined by a third river, about 3 miles below the city.
     1) when joined together:  when they are joined together.
          join: vt. & vi.           
              if two roads, rivers etc. join, they come together and become
              connected at one point.
         join A to B,    A and B join
  A is joined to B
 A and B are joined together
eg.    People join the island to the mainland by a causeway.
       The island is joined to the mainland by a causeway.
When the island is joined to the mainland by a causeway, the island is visited by more and more people.
 When joined to the mainland by a causeway, the island …….
 The Yellow River becomes more wonderful when it joins the sea.
 The…………………………………………………………… when joining the sea.
 The ………………………………………………………..when joined to the sea.
 When they join together, the two rivers become a larger one.
When joining together, the …………………………………………………..
2) yet larger
            这里yet作为adv. 修饰形容词比较级。再如：
            Yao is yet more skilled than he was last year.
            Inflation has risen to a yet higher level.
            到目前我们所学过的可修饰形容词比较级的词有：
             much, far, even, still, yet, a bit, a little等。
             将来还会见到：
             a great(good)deal, a lot, lots, many, rather, n times, n percent,
             by far, all the, any等。
        3) a third…
          He tried a third time and succeeded at last.
          In 1911 she received a second Nobel Prize for her research.
          He has tried twice, and the teacher asked him to have a third try.
          要点总结：
          当强调排好的“顺序”含义时，序数词前加the, 当强调在原
         来的数量之上再加上“又一个”的数量概念时，序数词前加a.
         4) below the city：在城市下游
 5. The city of Salisbury has two important kinds of produce and trade,
      produce: n. (uncountable)
          food or other things that have been grown or produced on a 
          farm to be sold.
 6. …, and there is a great deal of good manners and good company
     among them.
     company:
       1) (u.) another person, or other people, that you can talk to or who
                   stop you feel lonely. 作伴
           Rita's husband is away for the week, so I thought I'd go over and
           keep her company. (keep sb. company 与某人作伴)
       2) (u.) a guest or guests who are visiting you.客人
           It looks like the Greens have company.
           We're expecting company this evening.
       3) (u.) the group of people that you are friends with or that you
                   spend time with 同伴，伙伴
           People do tend to judge you by the company you keep.
           人们往往根据你所交往的人来判断你的为人。
 7. I have written before that this country has high hills, whose tops
     spread out into green fields upon which great numbers of sheep are  
     fed.
     Q: 会分析句子成分么？
 8. …, and rich fields bearing fruit and grain.
      bear fruit:
       1)If a tree bears fruit, it produces fruit.
       2)If a plan, decision etc. bears fruit, it is successful, especially after
          a long period of time.
          We must bear in mind that the efforts we have made will surely 
          bear fruit.
 9. All around we find nice little towns, villages and houses, and among
     them many of good size.(fairly big)
     we find many among them of good size.
     We find his advice of great value.
 Integrating skill2
  1. The island of Ireland lies west of Britain and is the
      westernmost island of the British Isles.
                                                      to the west of Britain
          最西端的
 2. Although(it is) a small country, it has an amazing history of over
     5,000 years.   
 3. Few places on the planet are as packed with history as Ireland.
      packed: adj.
      1) extremely full of people 挤满人的，非常拥挤的
           a packed dance floor 挤满人的舞池
           The island was packed with tourists.
      2) packed with/ packed full of 充满…的；含有很多...的
           We can find many Web sites packed with copyright-free
           mp3 songs.
 4. For much of its history, Ireland lay hidden behind its bigger neighbour, Great Britain.
     lay此处是lie的一般过去式，而lie在此处的词性是什么
     呢？
     不如先看几个例子：
      The book lay open on the table.
      The town now lie in ruins because of the war.
      The moon lay hidden behind a cloud.
      ---- lie (linking verb) : be in a particular state or condition