莘莘学子，在大学寒窗苦读数载，毕业了，都要穿上一套学位服，去参加毕业典礼，不参加毕业典礼，也要穿上它去照几张像，留作永久的纪念。学位服有着悠久的历史，据传在12、13世纪就有毕业服的出现了。学位服演变成今天的样式也经历了长期的过程。下文将为您讲述学位服的历史。
In the often unheated buildings of the middle
ages, long gowns were necessary for scholars to ward off the
cold.
中世纪时期，楼房内通常没有暖炉设备，所以长袍成了学者们保暖的必备品。
Academic dress for graduations started in the 12th and 13th
centuries when universities first began forming. Whether a student
or a teacher, standard dress for scholars was clerical garb. Most
medieval scholars had made certain vows, and had at least taken
minor orders with the church so clerical robes were their main form
of dress to begin with.
从十二、十三世纪起大学初次出现起，毕业开始穿学士服。无论学生还是老师，学者的标准着装是牧师装扮。许多中世纪学者需要宣誓，或至少安排辅修，所以教堂服装开始成为他们主要的服饰。
In 1321, the University of Coimbra mandated that all Doctors,
Bachelors, and Licentiates must wear gowns. In the latter half of
the 14th century, excess in apparel was forbidden in some colleges
and prescribed wearing a long gown. By the time of England's Henry
VIII, Oxford and Cambridge began using a standard form of academic
dress, which was controlled to the tiniest detail by the
university.
在1312年，Coimbra大学要求他们所有的博士，硕士和学士一定要穿着长袍。在14世纪后半段，学校禁止学生穿其他着装而必须穿长袍。在英国亨利八世，牛津大学和剑桥大学开始使用标准样式的学士服，并有许多细微的细节来区分。
Not until the late 1800s were colors assigned to signify certain
areas of study, but they were only standardized in the United
States. European institutions have always had diversity in their
academic dress, but American institutions employ a definite system
of dress thanks to Gardner Cotrell Leonard from Albany, New York.
After designing gowns for his 1887 class at Williams College, he
took an interest in the subject and published an article on
academic dress in 1893. Soon after he was asked to work with an
Intercollegiate Commission to form a system of academic
apparel.
到了十八世纪末，才出现不同的颜色代表不同的研究领域，但这一做法仅仅在美国规范化。欧洲机构在学士服方面总是不统一，但美国机构使用了一个确定的系统来规范学士服，这要归功于来自纽约奥尔巴尼的Gardner
Cotrell
Leonard。在他1887年为威廉大学的班级设计长袍后，他对此产生了兴趣并在1893年发表了关于这一学士服课题的文章。之后，他被委任为学院间的代表，为学士服饰形成一个系统。
The system Gardner Cotrell Leonard helped form was based on gown
cut, style and fabric; as well as designated colors to represent
fields of study. For example green was the color of medieval herbs,
and was assigned to medical studies. Because olive is close to
green, was designated for pharmaceutical studies.
In 1959, the American Council on Education had a Committee on
Academic Costumes and Ceremonies review the costume code and make
changes. In 1986, the committee changed the code to clarify the use
of dark blue for a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
Gardner Cotrell
Leonard帮助形成的系统基于长袍的剪彩，款式和织物，和设计代表不同领域的颜色。例如：绿色是原始的草药，所以被作为医学研究的颜色代表。因为橄榄很接近绿色，所以被作为医药类研究的颜色代表。在1959年，
美国教育委员会开始了大学礼服和典礼的委员会评论服装编码，并做了修改。在1986年，委员会改了编码以阐明深蓝色是哲学博士的颜色。
The shape and size of the hood and the sleeve design of the gown
show the degree a student pursued: a Bachelor's Degree gown has
pointed sleeves and no hood, a Master's Degree gown had long,
closed sleeves with arm slits and a narrow hood, and a Doctor's
Degree had bell-shaped sleeves and a draped, wide hood.
The color of the hood's lining tells which college or university
the degree was given by. For example: Harvard is crimson, Temple is
cherry and white, and Cornell is purple and white. However, other
than the lining, the hood must be black.
长袍头巾和袖子的形状和尺寸显示了学生所得的学位：学士学位长袍有尖尖的袖子，没有后垂布；硕士学位的长袍有长且紧的袖子，袖口有狭长切口，并有窄的后垂布；博士学位有钟型袖子和宽大的后垂布。后垂布衬里的颜色显示了大专院校或是大学所授予的学位。例如：哈佛大学是深红色，坦谱儿是樱桃和白色，科内尔是紫色和白色。然而，出了衬里，其他都是黑色。
The field of study is designated by the color of the hood's facing.
For example: Theology is scarlet, Arts Letters and Humanities are
white, and Music is pink.
研究领域是由后垂布的贴边颜色所指定的。例如，神学是猩红色，文科和人文学科是白色，音乐是粉红色。
Caps should only be made of black cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon,
or silk, to match gown they are to be used with. Velvet may only be
used for a doctor's degree.
帽子应该只用黑色棉府绸，精细棉布，人造纤维物或者丝绸来衬长袍。天鹅绒只能用于博士学位。
Tassels should be fastened to the middle of the cap's top and
allowed to lie where it will. It should be black, or the color of
field of study, unless it is for a doctor's degree in which case is
may be gold.
穗应该绑在帽顶中央，并自然垂下。它是黑色或者该领域的颜色，除了博士学位是金色。
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『Vocabulary』
gown: 长袍
ward off: 避开
academic dress: 学士服
mandate: 命令，要求
Licentiate: 硕士
cut: 款式，剪裁
hood: 学位服上的后垂布（用以表示学位的高低）
lining: 衬里
crimson: 深红色的
facing: 衣服等的贴边，饰面
poplin: 府绸
tassel: 穗，缨
（来源：coolquiz.com 英语点津 Annabel 编辑）
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