方式状语从句

       方式状语从句常见的引导词有:

表示“像……”的as和
表示“好像……”的as if /as though，
例如：

Let’s study as Lei Feng studied. 让我们像雷锋那样学习吧。
Think as I think. 像我这样去想。
He talks as if/though he is drunk.从他谈话的样子来看他好像醉了。

1. 方式状语从句通常由 as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
　　

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：

　　Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
　　As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
　　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
        

   【as引导方式状语从句精讲】

       as引导方式状语从句,限制定语从句和非限制定语从句的区别是什么
一. 方式状语从句:
    方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1. as引导行为方式状语从句时,意为“如同……”､“按照……的方式(样子,办法)”｡这种从句常位于主句之后｡例如:

You must try to hold the tool as I do. 你必须像我这样拿工具｡
Leave the things as they are. 别动这些东西｡
We must do as the Party tells us (to do). 我们必须按照党的指示办事｡

2. (just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体.
例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

       【知识拓展】
二. as引导方式状语从句与as引导限制性定语从句的比较
     as引导限制性定语从句时,构成“the same ... as ...”, “such ... as ...”, “as many (much, few, little) ... as ...”等结构｡ as可替代先行词,在从句中作主语､表语､宾语或状语｡
例如:
He isn’t the same person as he used to be. 他不再是过去那个样子了｡
I have never heard such a story as he is telling. 我从来没有听见过像他正在讲述的这种故事｡
Here is a bottle of pure water. You may use as much of it as you need. 这里有一瓶纯净水,你需要多少就用多少｡
This is the same watch as I have lost. 这块表和我丢失的那块表一样｡
In those days, many youths lived in the same way as the villagers did in the mountains. 那些日子里很多青年人跟山区的老百姓一样生活｡
3. as引导的非限制性定语从句,可以修饰整个主句和主句中的一部分｡从句可位于主句之前､句中或主句之后,通常用逗号将其与主句隔开｡这时as可译为“正如”､“正像”｡例如:
As is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如报纸上报道的那样,两国之间的会谈正取得进展｡
He is an Englishman, as I know from his accent. 从他的口音,我知道他是英国人｡
As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner. 像往常那样,他吃完饭后就出去散步了｡
As is often the case, we have overfulfilled the production plan this year. 像往常一样,我们今年又超额完成了生产计划｡
        This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating. 正如人们所料,这台机器已停止转动了｡
He came very early this morning, as (was) usual. 像往常一样,他今天早上来得很早｡
       常见的这种定语从句还有: as has been said before(如前所述); as is mentioned above(如上面提到的); as may be imagined(正如可想象的那样); as is well known to us all(众所周知); as (sb) all know(众所周知); as often happens(正如经常发生的那样); as has already been pointed out(正如已经指出的那样); as we all can see(正像我们都能看到的那样)等｡

     【以上二是知识拓展】

　　2） as if, as though
　　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如：
　　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　　He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
　　
     说明：
      as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
　　He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。
　　He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
　　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
　　
2.其他的引导词
　　
1）the way：
Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词.
　　
2）口语常用的like：
He sits there smiling like it was his birthday.他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的. （这里用了虚拟语气，值得注意的是be动词用的was，而表示虚拟as if引导的be动词则只能是were。）

      
      【as if/as though精讲】

      as if, as though的用法精讲：
 
      这两个复合从属连词的用法和意义完全一样，但as if 在当代英语中比 as though 普通得多。

1. as if 引出的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时，通常用直陈语气。从句的谓语为look, seem, taste, smell, sound等。如：
      It looks as if they have succeeded in the experiment. 看来好像他们试验成功了。

2.  as if 引出的方式状语从句所表示的情况不是事实，而是主观想象或夸大性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。从句中谓语动词一般用过去时，be 动词常用 were,但在现代英语中也常见到单数 was的情况。如：
The young man with long hair looks as if he were a girl. 这位满头长发的男青年看上去像个女的。 
  The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him.
这位受伤的男子表现得好像没发生什么事一样。
3. as if 引出的方式状语从句，当主句谓语是过去时态时，从句谓语形式常常没有什么特殊之处。如：

The lady felt as if she lost something. 这位女士好像学得丢了什么东西。
He was singing as though / if he hadn't had / didn't have a care in the world.他唱着歌，好像人世间他没有忧虑。

4. as if 引导的同一从句中所用的时态不同，意思往往不同。请比较：
* The clown looks as if he were ill.那个小丑好像害病似的。（虚拟语气）
* The clown looked as if he had been ill.那个小丑过去好像生过病。（过去生过病或虚拟语气）

     【as if/as though从句】    
                 【知识拓展】

     as if/as though的用法
一．在通常情况下， as if 和as though 所引导的从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。具体用法如下：

1. 谈论现在情形的，用过去时（动词be用were,也可用was）：
Why is she looking at me as though she knew me? 他为什么那样看我？像是认识我似的。
He behaves as if he owned the house. 他的样子好像他拥有这个房子。
He treats me as if /as though I were a stranger.
    He speaks as if he were an Englishman.
It’s not as though he was /were poor.

2. 谈论过去情形的动词形式有以下几种：
a)过去式，表示过去的状态，如：
He looked at me as if I were mad. 他那样看我，好像我是个疯子。
He stood there looking at the train and laughing, as if to miss a
train was the best joke in the world.他站在那里，望着火车哈哈大笑，好像误了火车是天底下最开心的事儿似的。
Mr. Coleman always talked as if he knew everything.但是，如果状态动词带有持续时间状语，则用过去完成时：
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
Now it is as though she had known Millie for years.

情态动词亦用过去时：
She felt as though she could hardly endure such a life.她觉得简直无法忍受这样的生活。

b)过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发生或完成，如：

It was as if he had lost his last friend.

“I remember,” she tells her children now, “how wild his white hair looked——as if it had been electrified.”

     必须注意的是，在指过去的动作时，即使主句是现在时，as if 从句中的动词也要用过去完成时：

You look as if you’d seen a ghost. 你好像是见了鬼似的。
He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself.他讲起罗马的情况来就好像他亲自到过那里似的。

c)过去进行时，表示动作正在进行：
He heard a noise, as if someone was breathing.
He ran as if ghosts were chasing him.
I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet. 我感到大地仿佛在脚下滑动。

d)过去将来时，表示将要发生的事态：
It looked as if it was going to snow.
He opened his lips as if he would say something to you.

二. 如果as if后面的从句所表示的情况是真实的或很可能时真实的，则动词可以用陈述语气，在feel, look, seem,smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。

Idioms中的两个例子：
He walks as if he is drunk.
He walks as if he were drunk.
第一句表示“他已经醉了”，第2句则表示“他没有醉”。又如：

It looks as if it is going to rain.
It looks as if were going to rain.
第一例意味着快要下雨了，第二例则意味着不会下雨。再看其她例子：
There’s Hob, talking to the ticket-collector. It looks as if he hasn’t got a platform ticket. 那不，霍布正在同检票员说话，看样子还没弄到站台票。
You look as if you’ve been running. 你好像刚跑了一阵似的。
You look as if you know each other.
He looks as if he’s tired.
It looks/seems as if you’re right.
You have acted as if you like me.
It smells as if it is fresh. 闻起来很新鲜。

三. 随着语言的发展，as if
后面的从句即使反映的不是事实，也可以不用虚拟语气而用陈述语气，这主要出现在口语或不太正式的文体中。例如：
1. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has
suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.随着这些新工具的发展，人好像突然间成为精神上的百万富翁似的。
2. Teen-agers may talk as if they know it all, but statistics tell a
different story.
3. The “historical present” is sometimes used in narrative when we want to describe events vividly as if they are happening in our presence.

四. 在非正式文体（尤其是美国英语）中，可以用like做连词代替as if 和as though。例如：
1. It looks like it’s going to rain today.
2. She looks like she’ll win the race.
3. I love that boy like he was my son.
4. He looked like he needed someone to talk to, so we lent him an ear.
5. He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.
6. She started kissing me like we were on our honeymoon.她开始吻我，好像是在度蜜月似的。

五. as if和as though从句中的省略

    当as if和as though从句的主语与主句一致时，该主语和后面的动词可以省略。于是便出现下面几种结构：

1. as if 不定式

1)He opened his lips as if (he were) to make some reply.
2)The bee checked its forward speed, circled and then drifted slowly over the mirrorlike surface of the pool as if to admire its own
reflection. 蜜蜂放慢飞行速度，转了几圈儿，然后在清澈如镜的水潭上空慢慢地飘过，似乎要欣赏它自己的倒影。

2. 不定式形容词或形容词短语

1)Carrie felt as if unable to endure such a life. 嘉莉觉得似乎无法再忍受这种生活了。
2)He lay still for a long while, as if dead.

3.  as if 介词短语
1)He looked about as if (he was) in search of something.

4. as if 现在分词
1)From time to time Jason turned round as though (he was) searching for someone.
2)John paused as if expecting Mary to speak. 约翰停下来，似乎是等玛丽开口。
3)Nevertheless, the bee kept exercising the wings slowly up and down,as though assessing the damage.然而，那只蜜蜂仍然在不停地慢慢上下活动着它地翅膀，仿佛在估量着所受的损害。

5.  as if 名词
He acts as if (he was) a fool.
6. as if 副词
He made that remark as if absently. 他好像是漫不经心地说了那句话。

7. 对as if-从句认识上的一个误区
对于as if 的用法，一些人的认识上存在着一个误区，即把as
if从句中动词的形式与主句的时态相联系。

有语法学家认为：
       “在由as if (asthough)引出的表示虚拟语气的方式状语从句中，如果主句的谓语是一般时，那么其从句的谓语一般应该用动词的过去式(be用were)；反之，如果主句的谓语用一般过去时，那么从句谓语一般用“had 过去分词”。这种认为从句动词形式受主句时态制约的观点是不符合语言实际的。
       实际上，as if和 asthough后谓语动词的形式与主句时态无关。如，

《现代英语惯用法词典》上也有如下例句：
He looks as if he were ill.
He looked as if he were ill.
He looks as if he had been ill.
He looked as if he had been ill.
     我们在前面也有过类似的例句。下面再提供一些主句用现在时而从句仍用过去完成时的例句：

A: We’ve been back at work now for three days. 我们回来上课到现在已三天了
B: I feel as if I had been back for three months. 我感到似乎已回来三个月了。
（比较：I have been back for three months.）

七. as if和as though的功能
1. 引导方式状语从句
They talked as if they had been friends for years.
2. 引导表语从句
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy
tales and had passed me like a spirit. (高二)
3. 引导感叹句，表示对某种建议、假定、想象等的反对：

1)As if I cared! 好像我很在乎似的！（相当于：I don’t care!）
2)As if anyone would believe that story! 好像人人都会相信那种说法似的！
3)He warned me against associating with people of doubtful character.
As if I ever should! 他告诫我不要同可疑的人来往，好像我真会那样做似的！