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第24讲
副词和形容词一样,也是在句中主要作修饰成分,所不同的是,副词(词组)可修饰动词、形容词、副词和介词等;副词词组主要在句中作状语(Adverbial),表示时间、地点、方式等意义;副词词组还可修饰整个句子,表示说话人对话语的态度和看法,就是用副词词组作评注性状语;当然副词词组还可作连接性状语,这种副词词组的中心词叫做连接副词(conjunctive Adverb)。
副词,按词的构成,分为简单副词(Simple Adverb)和派生副词(Derivative Adverb)。绝大多数的副词都是派生词,即由形容词加后缀-ly构成,如early,late,fast,hard等。
副词,按其词汇意义,又可分为方式副词(adverb of Manner),如angrily,happily,rudely,politely,coldly,warmly,quickly,slowly等;程度副词(Adverb of Degree),如almost,awfully,completely,considerably,greatly,hardly,nearly,partly,(a)little,much,scarcely,terribly等;时间副词(Adverb of Time),如already,before,early,late,finaly,immediately,now,recently,yesterday,today,tomorrow,shortly,soon等;频度副词(Adverb of Frequency),如always,constantly,frequently,hardly ever,never,often,rarely,seldom,scarcely ever,sometimes,usually等;地点副词(Adverb of Place),如above,below,up,down,here,there,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,elsewhere;连接副词(Conjunctive Adverb),如therefore,however,moreover,thus;解说副词(Explanatory Adverb)如as,namely等。
24.1
副词(词组)的主要句法功能是在词组中和句中作修饰成分,下面就从这两方面来谈:
1)
副词能在动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组等词组中修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词、以及修饰整个名词词组。
a)
这里的completely,entirely,rather,hardly,kind of,sort of都是一些程度副词,对随后的动词起强调、强化、弱化等修饰作用。它们是动词词组的组成部分,从而不同于状语(Adverbial)。副词在作形容词、副词、介词等修饰语时,也都是词组成分,而不是分句成分(Clause Element)。
b)
c)修饰副词
副词的上述用法都作前置修饰语,只有enough例外,作后置修饰语:
She cooks well enough。
He did not run fast enough。
d)
少数几个副词(如well,right,just,soon等)也可用于修饰介词:
e)
某些程度副词可作前置修饰语修饰限定词。例如:
We walked about 5 miles。
There were quite a lot of people at Louis’s party。
Virtually(差不多)all the students participated in the discussion。
They recovered roughly(大约)half their equipment。
I did not have more than a dollar on me。
类似的用法还有exactly the same,much the same等。例如:
f)
在非正式语体中,少数几个(如quite,rather等)程度副词能作前置修饰语,置于限定词之前修饰整个名词词组。例如:
还有一些地点副词和时间副词能作后置修饰语修饰名词,例如the way ahead,the direction back,the hall downstairs,the noise backstage,his trip abroad,his journey home,the sentence below,the photo above,your friend here,that man there,his return home,the neighbours upstairs,the meeting yesterday,the meal afterwards,the day before,their stay overnight等。
A house with 3 upstairs rooms
The above sentence
The backstage noise
His home journey
An away match(在对方球场举行的比赛)
In after years(在后来的年月里)
The then capital of the country
2)
用作状语的副词词组在句中起三种作用:一是作修饰性状语(Adjunct);二是作评注性状语(Disjunct);三是作连接性状语(Conjunct)。
Recently they had an accident。
They recently had an accident。
They had an accident recently。
方式副词词组置于句尾者居多。例如:
They live frugally(节俭地)
He always drives carefully。
We all listened patiently。
但有时由于修辞需要也可置于句首。例如:
地点副词词组位于句尾者居多:
关于副词词组做评注性状语和连接性状语在36。3还将详细介绍,此处仅略举数例:
在上述1—2两例中,frankly和briefly是评注性状语;在3—4两例中,otherwise和however是连接性状语。
下面做一则练习,要求注意副词的位置。
EXERCISE
Put the adverbs in brackets in their appropriate positions。In many cases,more than one position is possible。
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24.2
有些副词有两种形式,一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。现将一些兼有两种形式的副词就其主要用法的异同点说明如下。
1)
副词clean作“径直地,完全地”解:
The bullet went clean through(整个儿地穿过)his arm。
I clean forgot(完全忘掉)about it。
副词cleanly常作“干净利落地”解:
This knife does not cut cleanly(切起来不利落)。
作“清洁地”解,较少使用。
2)
副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解:
You can see clear(一直望到)to the mountains today。
The prisoner got clear away(逃得无影无踪)。
Clear这一用法与clean相同;有时可以交替使用。
Clear还能作“隔开,不接触”解。例如:
作其他解释时则用clearly,不用clear。例如:
Can you see clearly(清楚地)from here?
He is clearly(显然)wrong。
但在下列结构中用clear或clearly均可:
The moon shone clear(ly)(明亮的)。
He
3)
副词close作“近”解:
作其他解释时用closely:
4)
副词dead作“突然地,完全地”解:
在非正式语体中作“完全地,直接地”解:
Deadly作“死一般地”或“非常”接市,例如deadly pale(死人似的苍白),deadly serious(极端严重),deadly dull(极为枯燥乏味)等。
5)
副词direct作“直线地,不绕圈子地”解:
作“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly:
Directly也可作“立即”或“马上”解:
I will be there directly。
He should be there directly if you do not mind waiting。
6)
Easy只在某些固定搭配中作副词:
Take it easy。(慢慢来,别急)
Go easy。(别急)
Easy come,easy go。(来得容易花的快)
Easter said than done。(说来容易做时难)
Stand easy!(稍息)
除此以外,用easily。例如:
I can easily finish it today。
He is not easily(容易)satisfied。
That may easily be the case。(情况很可能就是那样)
It is easily(无疑)the best hotel。
7)
Fair在下列搭配中用作副词:
You must play fair(光明磊落)。
I hit him fair on the nose(不偏不歪/正打在鼻子上)。
He has dealt fair and square(公平地)with me。
在其他搭配中用fairly:
也可作quite,rather moderately(适度地,不过分地)等解,修饰其他形容词或副词,例如:fairly well,fairly soon,fairly good,fairly certain等。
Fairly/fairly有时也能交替使用。例如:
Being a sportsman can mean playing fair/fairly。
8)
Firm在以下搭配中用作副词:
Stand firm。(站稳)
Always hold firm(固守)to your beliefs。
其他场合用firmly。例如:
9)
High用作副词见于下列搭配:
Aim high(力争上游),hold one’s head high(昂首),play high(大赌),search high and low(到处搜寻),run high(浪大,激动),fly high(有雄心)等。
Highly(很,极,高价地)也用于修饰形容词,如highly pleased,highly skilled,highly interesting,highly enjoyable,highly paid等。
10)
副词loud/loudly均作“大声地”解,用哪一种形式与音韵有关,并无绝对规定:
但用比较形式时通常用louder与loudest:
11)
副词pretty作“相当地,适当地,非常”等解,修饰形容词或副词:
She is pretty good。
She dances pretty well。
This work of yours is a pretty poor effort。
也用于pretty much(=very nearly,very much),pretty ready(=almost ready),pretty well(=very nearly,almost)等搭配中:
It is pretty well(几乎)impossible to travel over these mountain in winter。
Prettily作“有一种漂亮或悦人的态度”解:
Mary dresses prettily。
She speaks prettily。
12)
副词right能作多种解释,用以修饰副词、介词,在句中做状语等: he is right here(就在这里)。
也用于诸如all right,right and left,Eyes right(向右看齐),Right you are(=Yes,I will;I agree)等结构。
He rightly guessed that````
He guessed right(猜得对)。
If I remember right(如果我没有记错的话)````
If I am rightly informed`````
13)
副词sharp常用于钟点后表示“准时”:
We arrived at ten o’clock sharp。
也用于诸如turn sharp right/left(向右/左转),look sharp(赶快,留神,注意),sing sharp(用升半音唱)等结构。Sharp与sharply均能作“急剧地,突然地”解:
14)
Slow作副词仅用于go slow(=work slowly)这样的搭配:
The workers decided to go slow。
其他场合通常用slowly:
Speak slowly,please。
Drive slowly onto the ferry。
How slowly/slow the time passes!
Go slow(ly),we are coming to a crossroads。
15)
Sure作副词多见于非正式语体,特别是美国英语:
He said he would come,and sure enough(果然)he came。
He sure is tall。
Can you dance?I sure can。(英国英语用I certainly can)
Sure和surely除去sure enough,slowly but surely(慢而稳,稳步地)等少数固定搭配外,用法无绝对规定。hard
上述这类与形容词同形并有-ly形式的副词,常见的还有wide,tight,soft,sound,mighty,large等。这些副词与它们的-ly形式在词义上或多或少有所关联,甚至雷同。但还有若干与形容词同形的副词与它们的-ly形式在语义上毫不相干,例如hard和hardly:
He works hard。
He hardly does anything nowadays。
Hardly作“几乎不”解与hard风马牛不相及。
又例如just/justly,late/lately,most/mostly都有各自的含义和用法,不可混淆。
下面做三则选择练习,都是关于兼有两种形式的副词的选择问题。
EXERCISE
Choose the correct word to fill in the blank in each sentence:
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EXERCISE
Choose one adverb from the two given in brackets:
John :have you seen George(1。Late/lately)?Tom:no,but I shall see him at Rotherham(2。Short/shortly)。He has entered for the mile race there。He(3。most/mostly)comes(4。First/firstly)in such races。John:but he came(5。Last/lastly)at Doncaster。Tom:yes。that was(6。Large/largely)my fault。It was (7。Pretty/prettily)hot that day,so I took it(8。Easy/easily)on the way to Doncaster。I had (9。Clean/cleanly)forgotten that I had promised to pick George up。When I did remember,I (10。Quick/quickly)turned round,but I reached George’s house very(11。Late/lately)。I tried(12。Hard/hardly)to drive(13。Quick/quickly),but George(14。Right/rightly)did not want me to take risks,and part of the way we were(15。Close/closely)followed by a police car,anyway。
When we got to Doncaster,I drove(20。Direct/directly)to the race-track and left George there while I went to park somewhere(21。Near/nearly)。I had cut it so(22。Fine/finely)that George had only fifteen minutes before his race,which began at3:15(23。Sharp/sharply)。He had (24。Hard/hardly)enough time to get his legs working(25。Loose/loosely)again when he had to go to the start,so he was (26。Clear/clearly)not in a fit state to win。(27。sure/surely)enough,he was beaten(28。Easy/easily)。However,it is (29。Sure/surely)(30。High/highly)unlikely that anything like that will happen again this time!
下面是一则综合练习,要求正确地选用副词。
EXERCISE
Correct errors,if any,in the following sentences;in some cases the sentences are to be improved only for rhetorical reasons:
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