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英语学习copy

(2008-06-29 19:45:56)
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第24讲        副词和副词词组

副词和形容词一样,也是在句中主要作修饰成分,所不同的是,副词(词组)可修饰动词、形容词、副词和介词等;副词词组主要在句中作状语(Adverbial),表示时间、地点、方式等意义;副词词组还可修饰整个句子,表示说话人对话语的态度和看法,就是用副词词组作评注性状语;当然副词词组还可作连接性状语,这种副词词组的中心词叫做连接副词(conjunctive Adverb)。

副词,按词的构成,分为简单副词(Simple Adverb)和派生副词(Derivative Adverb)。绝大多数的副词都是派生词,即由形容词加后缀-ly构成,如early,late,fast,hard等。

副词,按其词汇意义,又可分为方式副词(adverb of Manner),如angrily,happily,rudely,politely,coldly,warmly,quickly,slowly等;程度副词(Adverb of Degree),如almost,awfully,completely,considerably,greatly,hardly,nearly,partly,(a)little,much,scarcely,terribly等;时间副词(Adverb of Time),如already,before,early,late,finaly,immediately,now,recently,yesterday,today,tomorrow,shortly,soon等;频度副词(Adverb of Frequency),如always,constantly,frequently,hardly ever,never,often,rarely,seldom,scarcely ever,sometimes,usually等;地点副词(Adverb of Place),如above,below,up,down,here,there,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,elsewhere;连接副词(Conjunctive Adverb),如therefore,however,moreover,thus;解说副词(Explanatory Adverb)如as,namely等。

  本讲只从几个主要方面谈一谈副词(词组)的用法。

24.1          副词和副词词组的主要用法

副词(词组)的主要句法功能是在词组中和句中作修饰成分,下面就从这两方面来谈:

1)         副词在词组中作修饰语

副词能在动词词组、形容词词组、副词词组、介词词组等词组中修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词、以及修饰整个名词词组。

a)          修饰动词

  They completely ignored my views。

  I entirely agree with her。

  I rather like him。

  They can hardly ignore our views。

  She kind of hoped to be invited。

  I sort of thought you might say that。

这里的completely,entirely,rather,hardly,kind of,sort of都是一些程度副词,对随后的动词起强调、强化、弱化等修饰作用。它们是动词词组的组成部分,从而不同于状语(Adverbial)。副词在作形容词、副词、介词等修饰语时,也都是词组成分,而不是分句成分(Clause Element)。

b)         修饰形容词

 That was a very funny film。

 He had an usually deep voice。

 Two men were in the street,one of whom seemed slightly familiar。

 I was that hungry I could have eaten a horse。

 I am feeling kind of tired。

c)修饰副词

   she is a clever girl,and has learnt the new work very quickly。

   He drives extremely carefully。

   Do it right now。

   He spoke sort of proudly。

副词的上述用法都作前置修饰语,只有enough例外,作后置修饰语:

She cooks well enough。

He did not run fast enough。

d)         修饰介词和连词

少数几个副词(如well,right,just,soon等)也可用于修饰介词:

   I can not reach it;it is well(远远地)over my head。

   There is the house,right in front of you。

   His parents are dead(完成地)against the trip。

e)          修饰限定词

某些程度副词可作前置修饰语修饰限定词。例如:

We walked about 5 miles。

There were quite a lot of people at Louis’s party。

Virtually(差不多)all the students participated in the discussion。

They recovered roughly(大约)half their equipment。

I did not have more than a dollar on me。

类似的用法还有exactly the same,much the same等。例如:

  This machine is exactly the same in design as the other one。

  They did it in much the same way。

f)           修饰名词和整个名词词组

在非正式语体中,少数几个(如quite,rather等)程度副词能作前置修饰语,置于限定词之前修饰整个名词词组。例如:

   It takes quite some time。

   That is quite a story。

   She is rather a fool。

还有一些地点副词和时间副词能作后置修饰语修饰名词,例如the way ahead,the direction back,the hall downstairs,the noise backstage,his trip abroad,his journey home,the sentence below,the photo above,your friend here,that man there,his return home,the neighbours upstairs,the meeting yesterday,the meal afterwards,the day before,their stay overnight等。

  也有些副词,包括上述某些副词,也能作前置修饰语修饰名词。例如:

   The downstairs part of the house

A house with 3 upstairs rooms

The above sentence

The backstage noise

His home journey

An away match(在对方球场举行的比赛)

In after years(在后来的年月里)

The then capital of the country

2)         副词词组在句中作状语

用作状语的副词词组在句中起三种作用:一是作修饰性状语(Adjunct);二是作评注性状语(Disjunct);三是作连接性状语(Conjunct)。

     副词词组作修饰性状语,表示动作、过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式等。副词词组在用作修饰性状语时,它在句子中的位置是比较灵活的,它可以位于句首、句中或句尾,但这也要从词汇意义上看中心词属于何种副词。一般说来,时间副词词组根据修辞需要置于句首、句中、句尾都可以。例如:

Recently they had an accident。

They recently had an accident。

They had an accident recently。

方式副词词组置于句尾者居多。例如:

They live frugally(节俭地)

He always drives carefully。

We all listened patiently。

但有时由于修辞需要也可置于句首。例如:

  Noiselessly she crept across the floor,got the door open without a sound,and was outside。

  Quietly she walked on and on。

地点副词词组位于句尾者居多:

   The porter will take your language upstairs。

   The captain told the sailors to go below。

   I read to the bottom of the page and decided stop there。

   I could not find it though o had looked everywhere。

关于副词词组做评注性状语和连接性状语在36。3还将详细介绍,此处仅略举数例:

   Frankly(坦白地说),I can do nothing about it。

   Briefly(简而言之),she did not want to speak to him。

   Do it now。otherwise it will be too late。

   Tom has not arrived yet。He may,however,come later。

在上述1—2两例中,frankly和briefly是评注性状语;在3—4两例中,otherwise和however是连接性状语。

下面做一则练习,要求注意副词的位置。

EXERCISE  24A

Put the adverbs in brackets in their appropriate positions。In many cases,more than one position is possible。

1.         The terrain(地形)was explored(scientifically)。

2.         The argument(论据)was absurd(scientifically)。

3.         I do not understand you(simply)。

4.         Perhaps you will understand if I speak(simply)。

5.         He made me angry(thoroughly)。

6.         You have studied this chapter(thoroughly)。

7.         I appreciate your kindness(much)。

8.         I appreciate it(very much)。

9.         I mean what I say(honestly)。

10.    John always writes to me(honestly)。

11.    If you do not know the details,you may answer the question(generally)。

12.    These questions are not difficult and we can answer most of them(generally)。

13.    Your theory may be right,however,you will find it very difficult to apply(practically)。

14.    Such enormous distances are impossible to imagine(practically)。

15.    This is my business(hardly)。

16.    I can hear you(hardly)。

17.    I can hear you (just)/

18.    This is for your ears(only)。

19.    This is for your ears(alone)。

20.    Will you come this way(kindly)?

21.    I thought I spoke to her(kindly)。

22.    I spoke to her mother(also)。

23.    I spoke to her mother(as well)。

24.    The house needs repainting(badly)。

25.    They have painted it(badly)。

26.    It has been painted(badly)。

27.    We have to live(economically)。

28.    We have to manage(somehow)。

29.    We feel disheartened(sometimes)。

30.    We shall surrender(never)。

 

24.2          兼有两种形式的副词

有些副词有两种形式,一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。现将一些兼有两种形式的副词就其主要用法的异同点说明如下。

1)         关于clean/cleanly

副词clean作“径直地,完全地”解:

The bullet went clean through(整个儿地穿过)his arm。

I clean forgot(完全忘掉)about it。

副词cleanly常作“干净利落地”解:

This knife does not cut cleanly(切起来不利落)。

作“清洁地”解,较少使用。

2)         关于clear/clearly

副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解:

You can see clear(一直望到)to the mountains today。

The prisoner got clear away(逃得无影无踪)。

Clear这一用法与clean相同;有时可以交替使用。

Clear还能作“隔开,不接触”解。例如:

   Stand clear of the gates(离开门)!

   You should keep clear of that fellow(不要与那家伙来往)。

作其他解释时则用clearly,不用clear。例如:

Can you see clearly(清楚地)from here?

He is clearly(显然)wrong。

但在下列结构中用clear或clearly均可:

The moon shone clear(ly)(明亮的)。

He  spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly)(清晰地)。

3)         关于close/closely

副词close作“近”解:

  He lives close to the school。

  He was following close behind。

作其他解释时用closely:

  Watch what I do closely(细心地)。

  The prisoners were closely(严密地)guarded。

4)         关于dead/deadly

副词dead作“突然地,完全地”解:

  She stopped dead。

在非正式语体中作“完全地,直接地”解:

  He was dead tired(极为疲倦)。

  The wind was dead against us(正对着我们)。

Deadly作“死一般地”或“非常”接市,例如deadly pale(死人似的苍白),deadly serious(极端严重),deadly dull(极为枯燥乏味)等。

5)         关于direct/directly

副词direct作“直线地,不绕圈子地”解:

  The train goes there direct。

  The next flight does not go direct to Rome(不直飞罗马);it goes by way of Paris(绕道巴黎)。

  He came direct to London。

  Send them direct to me。

作“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly:

  He was looking directly at me。

  She answered me very directly and openly。

Directly也可作“立即”或“马上”解:

   Answer me directly。

   Let us meet directly after lunch。

I will be there directly。

He should be there directly if you do not mind waiting。

6)         关于easy/easily

Easy只在某些固定搭配中作副词:

Take it easy。(慢慢来,别急)

Go easy。(别急)

Easy come,easy go。(来得容易花的快)

Easter said than done。(说来容易做时难)

Stand easy!(稍息)

除此以外,用easily。例如:

I can easily finish it today。

He is not easily(容易)satisfied。

That may easily be the case。(情况很可能就是那样)

It is easily(无疑)the best hotel。

7)         关于fair/fairly

Fair在下列搭配中用作副词:

You must play fair(光明磊落)。

I hit him fair on the nose(不偏不歪/正打在鼻子上)。

He has dealt fair and square(公平地)with me。

在其他搭配中用fairly:

  He told the facts fairly。

  He does not play the game fairly。

  He was fairly beside himself with joy(欣喜若狂)。

也可作quite,rather moderately(适度地,不过分地)等解,修饰其他形容词或副词,例如:fairly well,fairly soon,fairly good,fairly certain等。

Fairly/fairly有时也能交替使用。例如:

Being a sportsman can mean playing fair/fairly。

8)         关于firm/firmly

Firm在以下搭配中用作副词:

Stand firm。(站稳)

Always hold firm(固守)to your beliefs。

其他场合用firmly。例如:

   I firmly believe(坚信)that。

   Fix the post firmly(牢固地)in the ground。

9)         关于high/highly

High用作副词见于下列搭配:

Aim high(力争上游),hold one’s head high(昂首),play high(大赌),search high and low(到处搜寻),run high(浪大,激动),fly high(有雄心)等。

   High通常指抽象的“高”。例如:

  He  spoke highly of(赞扬)her。

Highly(很,极,高价地)也用于修饰形容词,如highly pleased,highly skilled,highly interesting,highly enjoyable,highly paid等。

10)    关于loud。Loudly

副词loud/loudly均作“大声地”解,用哪一种形式与音韵有关,并无绝对规定:

   Do not talk so loud/loudly。

   She complained loudly of having been kept waiting。

但用比较形式时通常用louder与loudest:

   Speak louder,I can not hear you。

   Who laughed loudest?

11)    关于pretty/prettily

副词pretty作“相当地,适当地,非常”等解,修饰形容词或副词:

She is pretty good。

She dances pretty well。

This work of yours is a pretty poor effort。

也用于pretty much(=very nearly,very much),pretty ready(=almost ready),pretty well(=very nearly,almost)等搭配中:

  A:how is the sick man today?

  B:pretty much(差不多)as he was yesterday。

It is pretty well(几乎)impossible to travel over these mountain in winter。

Prettily作“有一种漂亮或悦人的态度”解:

Mary dresses prettily。

She speaks prettily。

12)    关于right/rightly

副词right能作多种解释,用以修饰副词、介词,在句中做状语等: he is right here(就在这里)。

     Go right home(直接回家)at once!

     I have not read the book right through(完全地)。

     There is the house,right in front of you (就在你面前)。

     It serves you right。(你活该)。

     Nothing seems to go right with me。(一切对我都不顺利)

也用于诸如all right,right and left,Eyes right(向右看齐),Right you are(=Yes,I will;I agree)等结构。

     Rightly通常置于动词之前。试比较:

He rightly guessed that````

He guessed right(猜得对)。

If I remember right(如果我没有记错的话)````

If I am rightly informed`````

13)    关于sharp/sharply

副词sharp常用于钟点后表示“准时”:

We arrived at ten o’clock sharp。

也用于诸如turn sharp right/left(向右/左转),look sharp(赶快,留神,注意),sing sharp(用升半音唱)等结构。Sharp与sharply均能作“急剧地,突然地”解:

   At the crossroads(十字路口),we turned sharp to the left。

   The road turns very sharply。

14)    关于slow/slowly

Slow作副词仅用于go slow(=work slowly)这样的搭配:

The workers decided to go slow。

其他场合通常用slowly:

Speak slowly,please。

Drive slowly onto the ferry。

How slowly/slow the time passes!

Go slow(ly),we are coming to a crossroads。

15)    关于sure/surely

Sure作副词多见于非正式语体,特别是美国英语:

He said he would come,and sure enough(果然)he came。

He sure is tall。

Can you dance?I sure can。(英国英语用I certainly can)

Sure和surely除去sure enough,slowly but surely(慢而稳,稳步地)等少数固定搭配外,用法无绝对规定。hard

上述这类与形容词同形并有-ly形式的副词,常见的还有wide,tight,soft,sound,mighty,large等。这些副词与它们的-ly形式在词义上或多或少有所关联,甚至雷同。但还有若干与形容词同形的副词与它们的-ly形式在语义上毫不相干,例如hard和hardly:

He works hard。

He hardly does anything nowadays。

Hardly作“几乎不”解与hard风马牛不相及。

又例如just/justly,late/lately,most/mostly都有各自的含义和用法,不可混淆。

下面做三则选择练习,都是关于兼有两种形式的副词的选择问题。

EXERCISE  24 B

Choose the correct word to fill in the blank in each sentence:

1.         Sorry I did not turn up——I ------forgot。(clean,cleanly)

2.         I am afraid I am -----out of food。(clean,cleanly)

3.         This pen writes----。(clean,cleanly)

4.         I can not see---without my glasses。(clear,clearly)

5.         The prisoner got----away。(clear,clearly)

6.         Come----!I want to tell you something。(close,closely)

7.         She ’s----related to the Duke of Halifax。(close,closely)

8.         The plane goes----from London to Houston without stopping。(direct,directly)

9.         Let us meet----after lunch;then I will take you----to your room。(direct,directly)

10.    This is a sentence----quoted from Latin。(direct,directly)

11.    You can eat----in my restaurant whenever you like。(free,freely)

12.    You can speak----in front of George-he knows everything。(free,freely)

13.    I am working too----this year。(hard,hardly)

14.    I have----got any clean clothes left。(hard,hardly)

15.    I----recommend it。(high,highly)

16.    He can jump really----。(high,highly)

17.    He is very ambitious:he aims----。(high,highly)

18.    My friends are----teachers。(most,mostly)

19.    Which part of the concert did you like----?(most,mostly)

20.    I hate arriving----。(late,lately)

21.    I have not been to the theatre much----。(late,lately)

22.    Is not the little girl dressed----?((pretty,prettily)

23.    I am getting----fed up。(pretty,prettily)

24.    Mary dances very----。(pretty,prettily)

25.    She is----good。(pretty,prettily)

26.    Keep----on to the traffic-lights。(right,rightly)I can carry this table----。(easy,easily)

 

27.    It serves you----。(right,rightly)

28.    I----assumed that Henry was not coming。(right,rightly)

29.    He opened the door----。(wide,widely)

30.    He has traveled----。(wide,widely)

31.    I can not read this,it is ----dull。(dead,deadly)

32.    The road is very dangerous。Go----slow。(dead,deadly)

33.    I can carry this table----。(easy,easily)

34.    Yes,but go----with it。It is an antique。(easy,easily)

35.    Take it----。(easy,easily)

36.    He is dealt----and square with me。(fair,fairly)

37.    He was----beside himself with joy。(fair,fairly)

38.    I----believe that。(firm,firmly)

39.    Always hold----to your beliefs。(firm,firmly)

40.    Fix the post----in the ground。(firm,firmly)

EXERCISE  24C

Choose one adverb from the two given in brackets:

John :have you seen George(1。Late/lately)?Tom:no,but I shall see him at Rotherham(2。Short/shortly)。He has entered for the mile race there。He(3。most/mostly)comes(4。First/firstly)in such races。John:but he came(5。Last/lastly)at Doncaster。Tom:yes。that was(6。Large/largely)my fault。It was (7。Pretty/prettily)hot that day,so I took it(8。Easy/easily)on the way to Doncaster。I had (9。Clean/cleanly)forgotten that I had promised to pick George up。When I did remember,I (10。Quick/quickly)turned round,but I reached George’s house very(11。Late/lately)。I tried(12。Hard/hardly)to drive(13。Quick/quickly),but George(14。Right/rightly)did not want me to take risks,and part of the way we were(15。Close/closely)followed by a police car,anyway。

   We went(16。Wrong/wrongly)once,at Wakefield,when we turned(17。Right/rightly)at some traffic-lights,and then we had to go very(18。Slow/slowly)for a few miles because the road turned(19。Sharp/sharply)every few hundred yards。

When we got to Doncaster,I drove(20。Direct/directly)to the race-track and left George there while I went to park somewhere(21。Near/nearly)。I had cut it so(22。Fine/finely)that George had only fifteen minutes before his race,which began at3:15(23。Sharp/sharply)。He had (24。Hard/hardly)enough time to get his legs working(25。Loose/loosely)again when he had to go to the start,so he was (26。Clear/clearly)not in a fit state to win。(27。sure/surely)enough,he was beaten(28。Easy/easily)。However,it is (29。Sure/surely)(30。High/highly)unlikely that anything like that will happen again this time!

下面是一则综合练习,要求正确地选用副词。

EXERCISE  24 D

Correct errors,if any,in the following sentences;in some cases the sentences are to be improved only for rhetorical reasons:

1.         Frank Tarkenton can throw the ball further than Hart。

2.         The committee will discuss the matter farther。

3.         Wayne was reported some better today。

4.         He left fairly tired when he entered the hospital。

5.         I am most ready;my paper is near finished。

6.         He was so overwrought that he decided to take his own life。

7.         The smart dressed women looked out of place in the tavern。

8.         Hardly had he reached the gangplank than he was her。

9.         You can place the desk anyplace in the room。

10.    He told immediately Smith to come to the point。

11.    Late the son has been staying out lately。

12.    The dog crept closely to me。

13.    The old professor was high respected。

14.    Please drive slow。

15.    The girl slow opened the door。

16.    He held the bat closely to his chest and then hit the ball highly in the air。

17.    Sit tightly and do not be persuaded by him。

18.    When I compare the essay with the one written by Anne,it is real hard to say which is worse。

19.    Bonds almost has the easiest awing I have ever seen in baseball。

20.    The purpose of the investigation became only clear when the district attorney asked the company to open its books。

 

 

 

 

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