加载中…B
Baiting
A training technique in which the deliberate movement or placement of food is used to maneuver an animal to a desired location.
饵
以移动或固定位置之食物引导机体至一指定位置的训练技巧.
Baseline
The frequency that behavior is performed prior to initiating or changing behavior modification program - The rate of performance used to evaluate the effect of the program.
基线
基础值或初值。 指没有产生新的变化之前的生理水平。
Behavior
A generic term covering acts, activities, responses, reactions, movements, processes, operations, etc., in short, any measurable response of an organism.
行为
有机体在各种内外部刺激影响下产生的活动。
Behavior modification
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations leading to a target behavior pattern.
行为改变，行为矫正
行为疗法 心理治疗方法。 根据条件作用理论和社会学习理论改变个体不良行为的治疗方法和技术。
Behavioral chain
A group of behaviors in a specific order, defined as a unit to the animal.
行为链
一种包含两个或更多行为成分的复杂行为，它们按照顺序一起发生。每一个行为成分有一个区分刺激和反应。行为链有时也称为刺激 – 反应链。
Behavioral control
Exerting influence by altering the environmental contingencies to achieve a definite end.
行为控制
施展影响力来改变个体与周围环境相互作用, 以达致既定的目标.
为了达到目标(改变行为), 可透过改变环境的各种可能性以施加影响.
Behavioral drift
A change or stray from a normal standard of response. The result of drift over a period of time is deviation.
偏差行为
异于常理之反应，日积月累之下便会成为偏差.
Behavioral enrichment
Stimuli and methods used as tools to increase interest and enhance the environment.
行为优化
以不同的刺激和方法作为工具，来美化环境及加增动物对环境之兴趣．有效之运用有助减少一些刻板行为．
Behaviorism
A school of thought that psychologists should concentrate on the study of overt behavior rather than of mental life or consciousness.
行动主义, 行为学派
20世纪初起源于美国的一个心理学流派, 是心理学史上一个主要学派, 研究行为的心理学.
Bond
A relationship that one animal maintains with another towards which certain behavior is exclusively of preferentially directed.
连结
动物与某一特定的行为保持着一种关系
Bridge
A signal that is conditioned to be reinforcing because it is paired with an established reinforcer - The bridge is used to indicate the instant at which an animal successfully completes a desired approximation or behavior, or at anytime in which the desired topography is being emitted.
信号
将一种信号与一级强化物结合(条件化)，使此信号具有奖励性, 此信号亦演化为当动物达成某种动作一刻时的肯定.
C
Chain
Two or more behaviors that occur in a fixed order. The stimuli linking the behaviors together serve as both conditioned reinforcers and discriminative stimuli.
行为连锁
运用操作性条件反射的原理形成某一复杂行为的方法。
Chain of behaviors
Two or more behaviors that occur in a fixed order. The termination of the first behavior is the signal to start the second behavior.
连锁行为
连锁学习，指在已建立的两个或以上的刺激和反应联结的基础上，形成一系列的彼此连续的刺激 – 反应联结序列的过程。
Chaining
The process of learning a sequence of behaviors that proceeds semi-automatically in a determinate order.
连锁作用
操作条件作用理论概念。
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a reflex response or respondent behavior - Also referred to as Pavlovian Conditioning.
经典条件作用
S型条件作用、刺激型条件作用。与
“操作条件作用”相对。
Conditioned aversive stimulus
An event that is initially neutral which acquires aversive properties by virtue of being paired with other aversive events or a signal that no reinforcement will be forthcoming. - This is exactly like the bridge, but it happens with aversive events. If a bell is paired with shock, then that bell will become aversive. Because of classical conditioning, an event that is initially neutral will acquire aversive properties because it is paired with other aversive events.
厌恶性条件刺激 --- see Aversive stimulus
对有机体而言, 可将任何一对象与厌恶性刺激相结合, 其后此对象可成为此有机体的厌恶性条件刺激
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that becomes a reinforcer because it is paired with another reinforcer, usually a primary reinforcer - Also referred to as a secondary reinforcer.
条件强化物
以前中性的刺激与已经形成的强化物几次同时出现，结果本身成为强化物。
conditioned response (CR)
A new or modified response that is elicited only by a given
stimulus after conditioning has occurred.
条件反应
在反应性条件反射中，条件刺激物引起CR。条件刺激物通过与非条件刺激物或另一个条件刺激反复同时出现，获得引起CR的力量。
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A stimulus that has the property of producing a response through pairing or association.
条件刺激，制约刺激
在巴甫洛夫的经典条件作用(Classical conditioning)实验程序是：首先给动物呈现条件刺激，即原来与反应无关的刺激物(如灯光或声音)，随后很快出现无条件刺激(如喂食或电击。在条件刺激和无条件刺激（如灯光和喂食）配对反复呈现多次后，动物一见灯光就分泌唾液，这是对灯光的条件反应（或制约反应）(Conditioned response, CR) 即条件反射形成。 其中的灯光即是条件刺激 -- CS。
Conditioning
A change in the frequency and form of a behavior due to the influences of the environment. It can be brought about by the application of reinforcers or punishers.
条件作用
一个无关事件贸一个有生物意义的刺激多次同时或先后出现，使动物对无关事件产生积极反应的现象。
Continuous reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the selected behavior is reinforced.
连续强化
强化程序的一种， 与 “间断强化”相对。有机体的每次正确反应均得到强化的训练方式。经这种强化的行为更易形成条件作用，亦更易消退。即对有机体的每一次操作都给予强化。
Control group
An experimental group which is not exposed to the independent variable under investigation. The behavior of the control group is used as a baseline against which to evaluate the effects of experimental conditions.
控制组
亦称 “对照组”。不受实验处理的被试组。是一种控制无关变量效果的平衡法。在心理学实验中，与实验组除了实验变量外，其他条件都相同。
Counter conditioning
Process where normal defense reactions elicited by an aversive stimulus are modified by association with a positive reinforcer.
对抗性条件反射
其理论基础在于认为恐惧是由经典条件反射造成的，引起恐惧的刺激被看作条件刺激，它曾与引起害怕的无条件刺激结合过．条件刺激引起的恐惧是一种条件恐惧，因此可以通过多次地只呈现条件刺激而不呈现无条件刺激来消除这种条件恐惧。具体方法是把引起恐惧的刺激或情境与一些不会引起恐惧的刺激或情境多次结合起来。如系统脱敏疗法即把引起恐惧的刺激从弱到强分别与肌肉放松结合在一起以逐步消除恐惧症状。
Cue
A stimulus perceptible to the animal that signals the
availability of reinforcement if the subject performs a specific
behavior. Cues do not elicit behaviors; they inform the animal that
if the behavior is immediately emitted, reinforcement is available
– Also referred to as a
信号， 线索
任何有助于个体在具体任务情境中作出适当反应的条件或刺激。可以是外部刺激，也可以是内部刺激。指决定有机体在任一特定时间和情境中应作出何种反应的刺激。一个线索就是一个辨别刺激，刺激的线索特性是在先前的学习中获得的。
D
Delay of reinforcement
The interval between the performance of a behavior and the delivery of reinforcement.
强化的延迟
行为的展示(结果)和强化(奖励)的递送之间的时间差距。
Delta
Deprivation
Reducing the availability of, or access to, a primary reinforcer or a strongly conditioned secondary reinforcer.
剥夺
对有机体发育必需条件的取消。 对有机体的行为和心理发展有重要影响。
Desensitization
The process of using time or experience to change an animal’s perception of a stimulus from a value, either reinforcing or punishing, to neutral or no value. If reinforcement is not used, this is referred to as passive desensitization (or habituation) while active desensitization utilizes primary reinforcement and is also referred to as counter conditioning.
脱敏
利用时间或经验, 使动物对某刺激的反应减弱至无, 其间会利用奖励(正强化)或惩罚. 若果这过程期间没有利用奖励(正强化), 这便是被动脱敏(或习惯化); 而主动脱敏则会运用基本的奖励(正强化).
Habituation – passive desensitization –习惯化
最原始的学习形式之一, 指一个新异刺激物反复呈现后反应减少或减弱的现象。
Differential reinforcement
The selective reinforcement of one aspect of a behavior pattern to the exclusion of other aspects.
差别强化
分化性强化。操作条件反射实验强化方式之一。指根据强化原理，在个体多种反应倾向中选择一种目标反应予以强化，使该反应与强化物建立联系，提高其发生概率的实验程序。
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
The delivery of a reinforcer after a response that is incompatible or competes with the target response that is to be suppressed. The effect is to increase the frequency of the incompatible response and to decrease the frequency of the undesired target response.
对不兼容的行为的差别强化 (DRI)
在这一程序中身体上不兼容的行为受到强化，以替代问题行为。
为了减少那不想发生的目标反应(如打斗), 所以当动物做出与目标反应并不兼容的行为(躺下)时便给予奖励. 这样便可减少不想发生的行为的出现次数.
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
A procedure in which a reinforcer follows any performance an organism emits except a particular one. The DRO schedule specifies the performance that is to be non-reinforced rather than the one that is increased in frequency. The result is a decrease in the frequency of the particular performance that is specified.
对其他行为的差别强化 (DRO)
在一段时间后问题行为没有出现给予强化物的程序。DRO是强化问题行为的不出现。
为了减少某指定行为(多为问题行为)出现的次数, 当动物做了那指定行为以外的任何动作, 便予以奖励.
Differentiation
A type of social interaction in which individuals by virtue of forming affective bonds with certain individuals necessarily and simultaneously separate and segregate themselves from some others.
分化
指只对某种特定的刺激作出某种反应，而对其他类似的刺激不予以反应。
Discipline
Strict control to enforce obedience as the result of such training; treatment that corrects or punishes.
惩诫
一种正式的管理技术，是指管理者凭借权利,利用惩罚手段,旨在纠正、控制或影响下属的与组织要求相悖的行为。
Discrimination
The ability to perceive differences between two or more stimuli - In training it refers to a procedure of differential reinforcement which results when the subject is reinforced for responding only when a specific stimulus is presented.
辨别
指在条件作用中，克服以条件刺激为中心的周围宽阔的刺激带也能唤起反应的现象。即仅对受强化的刺激作出反应，对未受强化的刺激不予反应。
A conditioned signal or cue that is initially paired with, then has the property of eliciting, a specific behavior through a reinforcement schedule.
辨别刺激
分辨刺激。操作条件作用理论基本概念。辨别操作能加强个体反应的刺激。是一种线索或信号，表明若作出某种特定的反应，将得到奖尝。
透过强化计划, 使一个(条件化的)线索或信号能引发一特定的动作
区分刺激
(SD)
Displaced aggression (displacement)
Aggression that is redirected towards someone or something other
than the original target seemingly because it is an easier or more
available
转向攻击
Dominance
Refers to a relationship in which any thing is in a position of control over another - A tendency to exert control over the behavior of other members of a group of conspecifics.
支配地位
动物社会等级制中的高等级地位。 表现为其他个体对它无一例外地屈从和退让。
一组动物内包含着不同阶级的社会结构.
Dominant behavior
A response that exercises controlling power, authority, or influence.
支配行为
即行使控制权，主导或影响力之反应结果
Drive
An incitement to action that has its origin in an internal physiological state (e.g., hunger) or that has been learned (e.g., the drive to obtain approval).
驱力
内驱力。有机体因内在生理状态失衡而导致对外部刺激敏感，并作出反应的倾向。 用以解释机体行为的动力。
E
Elicit
To automatically bring about a response. Respondent or reflexive behaviors are elicited by unconditioned stimuli.
引发行为
Elicited behaviour
S型行为。斯金纳区分出的两类反应之一。与“操作行为”相对。机体由已知刺激引起的反应。即行为与先于它出现的刺激之间存在一种直接的联结。
Emit
The act of causing an operant behavior by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus.
发出,散发
在行动中, 由一个条件刺激所引起的一个操作性行为。
Emotion
Refers to a number of mental states that are often accompanied by physiological changes.
情绪
广义包括情感,或看作情感的同义语, 是人(有机体)对客观事物是否符合其需要的态度的体验。狭义指短暂而强烈的具有情境性的感情反应。
Escape or escape behavior
The actual behavior which terminates an aversive stimulus.
逃避行为
(escape behavior)
引起厌恶刺激停止的行为，厌悲刺激的停止消极强化了行为
Escape learning
A conditioning technique in which the subject learns to escape or terminate an unpleasant stimulus.
逃避学习
实际受到有害刺激的惩罚作用后, 学习逃离这种刺激。
当厌恶刺激出现后，个体学会作出某种反应以逃脱厌恶刺激或逃离困境。是一种由实际的厌恶刺激控制的学习，即在受到实际的厌恶刺激的惩罚之后，学会逃离该刺激。
Experimental psychology
The study of different components of the behavior of animals under laboratory conditions in which variables can be manipulated to determine their effect on other variables.
实验心理学
在控制条件下进行研究工作的心理学。
Extinction
A procedure where the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued. The result is a gradual disappearance of the learned behavior.
以前强化的行为不再有强化结果跟随的过程，行为在将来会下降。 (操作性) (Extinction (Operant))
一个条件刺激 (CS) 不再与非条件刺激 (US) 相伴，CS逐渐停止引起条件反应 (CR)。(反应性)
(Respondent)
Extinction burst
An increase in responses or performances that is brought about by the withdrawal of reinforcement. Extinction bursts occur just prior to the extinction of the behavior.
消失爆发
当一个行为不再被强化，该行为在下降之前暂时增加频率，持续时间、或强度的现象。奇怪的行为或情感反应在消失爆发时也可能出现。
F
Fading
- A procedure for gradually changing a stimulus controlling an organism’s performance to another stimulus. - The gradual removal of reinforcement, as in the progressive thinning of a reinforcement schedule.
渐消
当行为在 SD出现时行为持续出现促进逐渐消除。
Fear
- An emotional reaction to perceived or real threat from a specific stimulus.
恐惧
---
Fixed-interval schedule
- A reinforcement schedule that rewards an animal when it makes a correct response after a predetermined constant time interval since the previous reinforced response.
固定间隔时间表 (FI)
一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，在一段时间过去后第一个反应出现时给予强化物。 每次间隔是一样的。
Fixed-ratio Schedule
- A schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is
reinforced after a predetermined constant number of non-reinforced
correct responses. In a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, a
fixed number of performances (counted from the preceding
reinforcement) are required for reinforcement.
固定比率时间表 (FR)
一种强化时间表，在这种时间表中，必须出现一定的反应才给予强化物。 需要的反应数量不变。
Free contact
A training situation in which the animal and the trainer have equal access to the work area. The animal is not restrained, muzzled, or confined in any way.
开放性接触
一种训练情形。 在训练场地内,动物和训练者之间拥有相同空间。 动物活动不受到限制,包括口鼻,或任何被限制方式。
Frustration
- Emotional behavior prompted by an environmental or personal obstacle that prevents an organism from obtaining a desired goal.
挫折
动物在与根据以往经验预测的后果不一致的情况下的驱力状态。
个体动机、愿望、需要和行为受到内外因素阻碍的情境和相应的情感状态。
G
Generalization
- The tendency to respond to similar stimuli as if it were the original stimulus.
泛化
指条件反射建立初期，不仅原条件刺激本身，且与其相类似的一系列刺激也能引起条件反射的现象。
其作用随着与原来条件刺激差异的增大而递减。
在前提刺激存在的情况下行为出现的过程，在某些方面类似于差别刺激存在时行为受到强化。泛化也被定义为目标行为在训练之后出现在非训练情景。
Generalized reinforce
泛化的条件强化物
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