刷新你的英语的BLOG

Unit 20

1.bitter adj. 苦的；痛苦的；严酷的；激烈的（反）sweet, 其它：hot辣的；salty咸的；sour酸的/a bitter smile苦笑 bitter words讽刺的话，怨言bitter cold 严冬/bitter tears辛酸泪，血泪be bitter at sth.对某事忿忿不平/ be bitter against sb.强烈反对某人，十分憎恨某人/bitter medicine苦药/a bitter sweet song一首苦涩而甜蜜的歌

This medicine tastes bitter./This tea is somewhat bitter./She had a bitter experience in the old days.痛苦的经历/The bitter winter is coming./I was hurt by her bitter words./Their friendship ended with a bitter quarrel.

2.chalk n. 粉笔；颜色粉笔/ a piece of chalk一支粉笔/ some coloured chalks 几支彩色粉笔

3. minister c.n. （基督教）牧师；部长；大臣a minister of foreign affairs/ a foreign minister 外交部长；外交大臣

4. stage n. 舞台；阶段；时期

on the stage在舞台上,当演员/There are two actors on the stage.

appear on the stage 出现在舞台上

at an early stage in the history.历史的早期

go through two stages经历两个阶段

all the stages of the Chinese socialism中国社会主义的所有各个时期

put sb. on the stage使某人成为演员

5.nationality n. 国籍；民族

What is your nationality?你是哪国人？你是什么国籍？以I am Chinese等来回答，注意：不要用My nationality is China.(×)

the Han nationality汉族/ the Chinese people of all nationalities中国各族人民

She lives in France but has British nationality.(国籍)

6. certain adj. 确定的；无疑的；某种 （同）sure (反) uncertain

The same uses共同点：

1）（用作表语）：确定无疑的

2）sb. be certain( sure) about / of （doing ）sth.某人确信某事；对某事有把握表主观判断。

He is certain of success.= He is certain that he will succeed.他确信自己会成功。

He is certain of passing the exam.他相信自己会通过考试。

3) sb. be certain ( sure) that/ wh- 某人对。。。有把握，对。。。确信，表主观判断。

He is certain that he will win the game./He is not certain whether he will win the game.

4)sb./ sth. be certain( sure) to do sth.某人/某事一定会（必定会，肯定会）做某事，表客观判断。

He is certain to pass the exam.=He will certainly pass the exam.他一定会通过考试。

This problem is certain to be solved.这个问题一定会得到解决。

5). sb. make certain( sure)弄清楚情况/ We must make certain when the train will leave.

  for certain 有把握地，肯定地

the differences不同点：

1）    It is certain that…。。。。。。确定无疑的；一定会。。。。。。

  It is certain that he will come.= He will be certain to come.

2). Be sure to do sth. 祈使句/ Be sure to write to me soon.

3). Are you going? Sure/ Certainly.

4). （仅用作定语）： certain + c.n. 某一/种，某些 a certain doctor/ certain students

                         + u.n. 有点，有些 certain coldness

                 sure  可靠的；无疑的 a sure answer

7. make fun of sb. = laugh at sb. 取笑某人；嘲笑某人make a joke about sb./ sth.拿某人/某事开玩笑/ play a trick on sb. 戏弄某人/

make sb. laugh 使某人发笑/ burst into laughter 哈哈大笑起来/ roar with laughter哄堂大笑

e.g. Don’t make fun of others.

Nobody likes to be made fun of/ laughed at.

8. actually adv. 实际上；事实上= in fact; in reality; as a matter of fact

actual adj.

1)      Did you actually see the accident?你真的看到那件意外？

2)      He looked calm, but actually he was nervous.他看起来虽然很镇定，但实际上却非常紧张。

9.date back to = date from 追溯到；起始于（注意：1）多用一般现在时；2）不能用被动语态）

The castle dates back to the 14^th century.这座城堡的历史可追溯到14世纪。

The temple dates from 221 BC.

This kind of music dates back to Rome times.这种音乐始于罗马时代。

This custom dates from the 16^th century.这风俗起源于16世纪。

 out of date 过时/ up to date 最新的，

10.make use of sb./ sth.利用=take advantage of / You should make use of the good chance/ time.

make  good use of / 合理利用；好好利用

make full use of /充分利用

make the best (use) of /充分利用

make the most use of /尽量利用

make little use of /几乎不利用

make as much use of time as possible/尽可能充分利用时间

put sth. to use /利用

It’s no use doing sth./做某事没用。 It’s no use talking to him.

11.rapid adj. 迅速的；快的(反) slow   rapidly adv.

 a rapid stream 急流/ a rapid worker工作快速的人/

Rapid progress was made.进步非常快速。

Her thinking was rapid.她脑筋反应很灵敏。

12.exist vi. 存在，生存（不用进行时）One cannot ~ without air.没有空气，人就无法生存。

Does life exist on Mars?火星上有生命存在吗？

Problems also exist in agriculture.农业方面也存在问题。

词组：

exist on = live on 靠。。。。。。来生存/

existing adj. 现存的；现在的；目前的/ under existing conditions在目前情况下

13.suffer vi. vt.

1) 受苦；受害；受罚；患病等

2）suffer+ n.经历，受到，遭受（指一时的不愉快之事）~ pollution/ (a) loss/ hunger/ pain/ punishment/ damage

The thief ~ed punishment.小偷受到了惩罚。

The city ~ed serious damage from the earthquake.那个城市因地震而遭受严重破坏。

The factory ~ed a great loss.工厂蒙受重大损失。

3)      suffer from + n.受。。。。。。苦，患。。。。。。病（指长期的事情）/ suffer from heart disease/ floods

 He often ~s from headaches.他常患头痛。

14.peasant c.n.农民（常指非英语国家的自耕农或雇农）

 the workers and peasants 工农/ a poor peasant 贫农/a rich peasant富农

在英、美、加、澳，农场主成为farmer

而英、美多把peasant一词与贫困、无知、社会地位低下联在一起，常用作凌辱性用语：

You are such a peasant!乡巴佬

15. operate vi. vt. operation n.

1)运转；操作operate a machine/a computer

2）经营；管理 operate three factories?companies

3) 动手术 operate on sb./ operate on sb. for sth.因。。。。。。给某人动手术

16. direction  n.

1) 方向in this( that) ~向这个（那个）方向/ in all ~s/ in every ~/ 向四面八方in the ~ of 朝。。。。。。的方向

2）指导under sb.’s ~ (= instruction)/ under the ~ of 在某人的指导下

3）(pl.) 指示，说明（书）take medicine according to the ~s

Read the ~s carefully before taking the medicine.

17.fortunately adv. 幸运地 （反） unfortunately

e.g. _________, they returned safely.

18. drive off 开走；赶走；击退/ His car broke down and he couldn’t ~ off.

 drive out of 把。。。。。。赶出/ The enemies were driven out of the town.

drive away驱开；驱散The wind drove the clouds away.

19. silence u.n.寂静；沉默silent adj.

in silence静静地；不声不响地；默不作声地/ He smoked in ~.

keep silence保持沉默；沉默不语/ She always keeps ~ in class.

20.look on/ upon…as …把。。。。。。看作，认为是。。。。。。

（同）treat…as…/ regard…as…/ think of …as… refer to…as/

I look on her as my  best friend.

He looks on others’ difficulties as his own.

21. rude adj. 无礼的；粗鲁的 rudeness

e.g. Don’t be rude to the guests.