备用的，剩下的：
Do you carry a spare wheel in your car? 你的汽车上有备用车轮吗？
We have no spare room for a table.我们没有放桌子的空地方。
I have no spare money to lend you.我没有多余的钱借给你。
空闲的，未占用的：
She often teaches herself English in her spare time.
空闲时间她经常自学英语。
She is a busy woman with little spare time.她是一个忙的没有空的女子。
* spare v.
抽出（时间），拨出，匀出：
Can you spare me a few minutes?
你能抽出几分钟时间给我吗（即，有事和你谈）？
I can’t spare the time for a holiday at the moment.
目前我抽不出时间去度假。
Can you spare a cigarette for me? 给我根烟行吗？
Can you spare me a few litres of petrol? 你能匀给我几升汽油吗？
饶恕，赦免
Take my money but spare my life.把我的钱拿走，但饶我一命。
They killed the men but spared the children.
他们把男人都杀了，但放过了孩子。
短语搭配：
spare no pains/efforts doing/to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事
spare sb.’s feelings 避免伤害某人的感情，不使某人难堪
(and) to spare 过剩，有余
The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as possible.旅馆工作人员对我们照顾得无微不至，尽量让我们住得舒适。
He spared her feelings by not criticizing her husband in front of her.他没当她的面说她丈夫的不是，以免使她难堪。
We have enough fruit and to spare.我们的水果充足有余。
Do you have any sugar to spare?你的糖有富余的吗？
2.have mercy on/upon
at the mercy of
without mercy 残忍地，毫不留情地
show mercy to 对…表示同情
throw oneself on sb.’s mercy 恳求某人宽恕
leave sb./sth. to the mercy/mercies of sb./sth.
任由他人或他事物粗暴对待
We should learn to show mercy to others.我们必须学会宽恕别人。
They showed mercy to their enemies.他们对敌人很仁慈。
He threw himself on my mercy.他求我宽恕他。
Never leave a silk shirt to the tender mercies of an automatic washing-machine.切勿用自动洗衣机洗绸衬衫。
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.他的生命将由公爵处置。
Have mercy on the poor sinner.宽恕那个可怜的罪人吧。
He was treated without mercy.他受到无情的对待。
*merciful
短语搭配：
be merciful to sb. 对…仁慈
She was merciful to the prisoners.她对犯人很仁慈。
3.倍数的常用表达法：
倍数+ 形容词/副词比较级+ than …
倍数+ as +形容词/副词原级+ as…
倍数+as many +可数名词复数+as…
倍数+ the +
名词（size/weight/height/depth/length/width等）+of…
The classroom is four times the size of that one.
=The classroom is four times as big as that one.
=The classroom is three times bigger than that one.
这间教室是那间教室的四倍大。
The tower is twice the height of the building.这座塔是那栋楼的两倍高。
The railway is seven times the length of that one.
这条铁路是那条铁路的七倍长。
We have twice as many books as you.我们的书是你们的两倍。
4.in terms of… 表示“在…方面，就…而言，从…角度”
in general/practical/financial etc.
terms表示“从总体/实际/经济角度”
in somebody’s terms
表示“在…看来”
in relative terms
表示“相对而言”
in the short term
在目前看来
Did the experiment find any differences in terms of what children learned?这个实验就儿童所掌握的学习内容方面发现什么差异了吗？
In terms of money we’re quite rich, but not in terms of
happiness.
从钱的角度说，我们很富有，但就幸福而言却不然。
It would be wrong to describe a society purely in economic
terms.
单纯从经济的角度描绘一个社会是错误的。
In our terms, the scheme has not been a success.
我们认为，这个方案并不成功。
Rail fares have fallen 17 percent in real terms.
事实上，火车的价格已经下降了百分之十七。
Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on
books.
相对来说，学生可支配的钱少些，但在书本上花得多些。
In the short term we will lose money, but in the long term we will make a profit.从眼前看来我们赔了钱，可是从长远看来，我们会赚钱的。
He seems to have come to terms with losing his sight.
他似乎已经被迫接受失去视力这个事实了。
5. accompany v.
陪伴，伴随或跟随某人：
accompany sb. to + 地点 “陪某人去…”
I must ask you to accompany me to the police station.
我得要求你陪我去一趟警察局。
He accompanied us to the airport.他陪我们去了机场。
*company n. 陪伴；公司
短语搭配：
in company
当着别人的面
keep sb. company
陪伴某人，给某人做伴
in company with sb.和某人一起
It’s bad manners to whisper in company.
当着别人的面窃窃私语是不礼貌的。
I hate going out alone; I take my daughter for company.
我不愿独自一人出门，带女儿做个伴。
I’ll stay here and keep you company.我会留下来陪你。
I, in company with many others, feel this decision was
wrong.
我，还有很多人，都觉得这个决定是错误的。
6. fortune
常见搭配：
seek one’s fortune
寻找致富及成功之道
He is going to Canada to seek his fortune next month.
他下个月将去加拿大寻找致富及成功之道。
The car cost me a small fortune.这辆车花了我很多钱。
*fortunate
fortunately
She is fortunate enough to enjoy good
health.她身体好，真有福气。
I made a fortunate choice and won.我幸亏选择得对，结果赢了。
I was late, but fortunately the meeting hadn’t started.
我迟到了，但幸运的是会议还没开始。
7.go down on one’s knees 跪下
bring sb. to his knees 迫使某人屈服
The country was almost brought to its knees by the long
strike.
因长期罢工，国家已濒临崩溃的边缘。
He went down on his knees and begged her for forgiveness.
他跪下乞求她原谅。
* go down
（船只的）下沉，（价格、温度等）下降，（食物和饮料）咽下
Hundreds died when the liner went
down.班轮沉没时，有数百人死亡。
Three ships went down in the storm.暴风雨中有三艘轮船沉没。
We sat and watched the sun go down.我们坐着观看日落。
Petrol is going down in price.汽油价格正在下降。
The pill just won’t go down.这个药丸我简直咽不下去。
8.in the eyes of sb.或in sb.’s eyes
an eye for an eye以眼还眼，报复
have an eye for sth. 对某事物有判断力或鉴赏力
keep an eye on sb./sth.
never/not (be able to) take one’s eyes off sb./sth.
目不转睛地看着某人（某物）
shut/close one’s eyes to sth. 对某事视而不见
In your father’s eyes, you are still a child.
在你父亲的眼里你仍然是个孩子。
The death penalty for murder works on the principle of an eye for an eye.犯谋杀罪处以死刑，其原则是一命抵一命。
He has an eye for a bargain.他识便宜货。
The government shuts its eyes to poverty.政府对贫穷问题置若罔闻。
Could you keep an eye on my suitcase for a moment?
你能给我照看一会儿手提箱吗？
He couldn’t take his eyes off the beautiful newcomer.
他目不转睛地盯着那个新来的美人。
9.as far as
远至，一直到：
We can see as far as the tower.我们可以一直看到塔那边。
They walked as far as the foot of the mountain.
他们一直走到了那座山的山脚下。
据…，就…：
His parents supported him as far as they
could.他的父母竭尽全力抚养他。
As far as I can see, that is highly unlikely.就我所知，那是极不可能的。
As far as I know, she often tells lies.就我所知，她常撒谎。
其他as…as…短语搭配：
as long as
as busy as a bee
忙得像蜜蜂
as black as coal
像煤一样黑
as many/much as…多达
10.make 跟复合宾语的几种情况
They made London the base for their revolutionary work.
他们把伦敦作为他们的革命根据地。
The news made her sad.这个消息使她悲伤。
They made me repeat it.
= I was made to repeat it.他们让我再说一遍。
Speak louder in order to make yourself heard.大点声让别人听到你说话。
make的常用短语
be made of 由---制成（看不出原材料）be made
from由---制成（看出原材料）
be made
into制成---
be made up
of由---组成
make the bed
铺床
make a noise
喧闹
make war
发动战争
make a
mistake
make plans
制定计划
make enemies
树敌
make a price
定价
make it
约定，实现目标
11. assist
帮助，援助
assist sb. with sth.
assist sb. in doing sth.
He is required to assist the manager in preparing a
report.
有人要求他帮助经理准备一份报告。
The monitor assisted the teacher with many of his duties.
班长协助老师做很多工作。
参加，出席
The President will assist at the ceremony next week.
下周总统将参加典礼。
assistance
I can’t move the heavy box without your assistance.
没有你的帮助我搬不动这个重箱子。
assist 强调提供帮助者只起辅助作用，主导者仍是被帮助者。
aid 含有较强者帮助较弱者摆脱困境的意思。
help 最常用，强调帮助所产生的积极效果。
Can I assist you with those parcels?我来帮你拿那些包裹好吗？
He will go to aid quake victims.他要去救助地震受害者。
Trade can help the development of industry.贸易可以促进工业的发展。
He assisted his neighbor in repairing the fence.他帮助邻居修篱笆。
He had previously aided her with money and legal advice.
以前他给过她金钱和合法建议的帮助。
She often helps her sister with her English.她经常帮她妹妹学英语。
12. limit
n. 限度，界限
He tried my patience to its limit.他把我逼得忍无可忍了。
No fishing is allowed within a twenty-mile limit.
二十英里范围内不许钓鱼。
n. 最大限度，限量
The speed limit on this road is 70 mph.
这条路的车速限制是每小时70英里。
There’s a limit to how much I am prepared to spend.
我准备花多少钱是有限度的。
within limits
适度地，有限度地
I’m willing to help, within limits.我愿意适当给予帮助。
v. 限定，限制
We must try and limit our
expenditure.我们必须设法限制我们的开支。
I shall limit myself to three aspects of the subject.
我仅探讨这一问题的三个方面。
Japan limits the import of oranges.日本限制橙子的进口。
adj.
Only a limited number of places is available.只有少数地方可供使用。
His intelligence is rather limited.他的智力相当有限。
limited edition 限量版
13. adjust
vt. 调整，调节，整理，安排
You can adjust the desk to the height of any child.
这桌子可以配合孩子的高度任意调整。
The boy adjusted his cap.那男孩整了整他的帽子。
She carefully adjusted her clothes and her hair before going
out.
她出门之前仔细整了整衣服和头发。
The brakes need adjusting.制动器需要调节了。
vt. vi. 适应，顺应
Former soldiers have difficulty in adjusting to civilian
life.
退伍军人很难适应平民生活。
The body quickly adjusts itself to changes in temperature.
身体迅速调节以适应气温的变化。
adjustment
He made adjustments to the machine.他对这部机器加以调整。
I made a few minor adjustments to the sitting plan.
我对座次表作了小小的调整。
Some adjustments of the lens may be necessary.可能有必要调节一下镜头。
14. develop vt. vi.
成长，发育，发展，开发
The argument developed into a bitter
quarrel.辩论逐渐变成了激烈的争吵。
The child is developing well.这孩子发育良好。
The plot for the novel gradually developed in my mind.
我逐步构想出小说的情节。
We’ve developed the project from an original idea by him.
我们根据他的设想制定了这个计划。
The place has developed from a fishing port into a thriving tourist center.这地方由原来的渔港发展成一个繁荣的旅游胜地。
出现，明显化，显影
Symptoms of malaria developed.疟疾的症状出现了。
The car has developed signs of rust.这辆车出现了锈迹。
He went to have the film developed.他去冲洗照片了。
The development of photographic films requires a dark room.
冲洗底片需要暗房。
We should pay special attention to the healthy development of children.我们应该特别关注儿童的健康成长。
The government should encourage the development of small
businesses.
政府应该鼓励小公司的发展。
We must await further developments.我们必须等待事态的进一步发展。
adj.
developing 发展中的，进行中的
This country has a highly developed system of agriculture.
这个国家有十分发达的农业体系。
She is well developed for her age.她比实际年龄看起来早熟。
It’s one of the less developed countries.它是发达程度较低的国家之一。
China belongs to the developing world.中国属于发展中世界。
15. conduct
U. 行为，品行，操行
a man of good
conduct品行端正的人
The teacher scolded him because his conduct was so bad.
因为他的品行不好，所以，老师责骂他。
courageous
conduct勇敢的行为
foolish/silly
conduct愚蠢的行为
inappropriate
conduct不适当的行为
shameful conduct可耻的行为
U. 指导，指引，指挥，经营，管理
the government’s conduct of the affair政府对这件事的指导
the conduct of the school学校的经营
vt. vi. 引导，指挥，管理，处理，传导
He conducted me around the museum.他带领我到博物馆内四处参观。
The young man conducted the tour.这位年轻人担任该队的导游。
He conducted the orchestra.他指挥管弦乐团。
The manager conducted his business carefully.经理处理业务十分小心。
16.invent
v. 发明
China’s first automatic four-color glass printer was invented by a
worker-technician.
中国第一架自动化四色玻璃印花机是一位技术工人发明的。
He invented the ball pen.他发明了圆珠笔。
v. 编造，虚构
She invented the false news.她捏造了假消息。
Can’t you invent a better excuse than that?
你不能编造一个高明些的借口吗？
invent 主要指发明的东西是原先不存在的，经人们创造出来的。
discover “发现”，指发现久已存在但不为人知的东西。
find 一般用语，表示偶然或凭经验发现。
find out 多指“经过探索或观察”而发现。
He invented a new method to make bread.他发明了一种做面包的新方法。
They discovered a new oil field in North China.
他们在华北发现了一块新油田。
Edison invented the electric bulb.爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
I don’t find English grammar difficult to learn.我认为英语语法不难学。
We must find out the truth of the matter.我们必须弄清事情的真相。
Necessity is the mother of invention.需要是发明之母。
Newspapers are full of inventions.报纸充满虚构的故事。
17.decide
跟名词或代词
I’ve got to decide our whole future.我得决定我们的整个未来。
We must decide that ourselves.这得由我们自己决定。
跟不定式
They decided to move to London
immediately.他们决定马上搬到伦敦去。
He decided to do his homework.他决定做他的家庭作业。
跟疑问词加不定式
We must decide what to do with them.我们必须决定拿他们怎么办。
She hasn’t decided when to start.何时动身她还没有决定。
跟从句
Let’s first decide where we should go.我们先决定到什么地方去。
Only you can decide what’s the best for you.
只有你才能决定什么对你最合适。
decide 指通常经过考虑或商议后做出决定。
make up one’s mind 指打定主意，下定决心。
determine
比较正式指决心做一件事，任何东西或情况均不能动摇这个决心。
I decided to take the position at the bank.我决定担任银行的职员。
She determined to go the very afternoon.就在那天下午她决定走。
He made up his mind not to stay there any longer.
他决定不在那里待下去了。
18. reject vt.
拒绝，抵制，不肯承认或接受
They had rejected our request contemptuously.
他们轻蔑地拒绝了我们的请求。
Several publishers rejected the manuscript.
几家出版商都拒绝了这份手稿。
She rejected his offer of marriage.她拒绝了他的求婚。
After the transplant his body rejected the new heart.
他的身体对新移植的心脏产生了排斥作用。
The army doctors rejected several recruits as unfit.
军医拒收几名新兵，认为身体不合格。
抛弃，丢掉，剔除
Under the guidance of the Party he has rejected the idealist view
of history in favor of the
materialist.在党的教导下，他已经抛弃唯心主义历史观，接受了唯物主义历史观。
Imperfect articles are rejected by our quality control.
我们进行质量检验时，有缺陷的产品应剔除。
refuse
也表示“拒绝”，不仅可以用来拒绝别人的请求，还可以用于拒绝别人的邀请或帮助，后面能跟不定式，reject则不能。
He refused the invitation from his teacher.他拒绝了老师的邀请。
He refused to believe what I said.他拒绝相信我说的话。
19. attempt
vt. 试图做---（后跟名词、不定式、动名词等）
The enemy attempted an attack by night.敌人准备趁夜色偷袭。
He attempted the exam but failed.他试图通过考试，但没有成功。
The enemy attempted to break through our lines.
敌人企图冲破我们的防线。
I attempted walking until I fell over.我挣扎着走路，直到摔倒。
n. 尝试
We failed in our attempt to climb the mountain.
我们试图爬上山去，但失败了。
The two superpowers both collude and struggle with each other in a vain attempt to redivide the world.这两个超级大国又勾结，又争夺，妄图重新瓜分世界。
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