九年级总复习：

     初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：

     The Object Clause (宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。

Ⅰ. The Object Clause (宾语从句)

   宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。

A)    Introduced by that

主句的谓语动词是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。

e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.

I’m sorry (that) he isn’t here right now.

Note:

1.      that 的省略：

that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。

e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it.

   I’m afraid (that) you’ll have to wait.

2.      宾语从句的否定转移：

主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。

误：I think chickens can not swim.

正：I don’t think chickens can swim.

此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：

I think he is wrong, isn’t he?

He thinks he is right, doesn’t he?

B)    Introduced by if/whether

if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。如：

e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English.

   I don’t know if/whether it is going to rain.

Note: 只用whether的六种情况：

1.      在带to的动词不定式前

He doesn’t know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.

2.      在介词后

I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.

3.      直接与or not连用时

I don’t know whether or not they will come to help us.

4.      在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中

We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next wek.

5.      宾语从句提前时只能用whether

Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.

6.      引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whether

Whether he is right or wrong is a question.

C) Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs（连接代词和连接副词）

一、构成：

    1. 宾语从句可由连接代词what, who, whom, which等引导，它们在宾语从句

中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。

      Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主语)

      Did you hear what he said? （作宾语）

      I don’t know whose that is. （作表语）

      Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定语）

      2. 宾语从句可由连接副词when, where, how, why等引导，它们在宾语从句

中作状语，不可省略。

We didn’t know when she would come back.

Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?

No one knows why she is late again.

二、难点：

1. 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；

e.g. *I can’t see that what is over there. （应去掉that）

2. 从句中的语序为陈述语序；

e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (应改为：…how old she is)

3. 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。

e.g. *She didn’t tell me when she will come. (应改为：…when she would come)

三、转换：

          由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。

e.g. I’ve no idea what we’re going to do next. = I’ve no idea what to do next.

Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?

难点：

宾语从句的时态

主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：

He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.

He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.

Tom says that he is mending his car.

Tom said that he was mending his car.

The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.

宾语从句中考题练兵：

一、单项选择

(    ) 1. I don’t think he will come here on time,      ? (重庆)

A. won’t he      B. will he       C. does he      D. is he

(    ) 2. Will you please tell me      ? (上海)

A. where Pudong Airport is          B. how far Pudong Airport was

C. how can we get to Pudong Airport  D. when was Pudong Airport built

(    ) 3. It’s not polite to ask people       in England. (常州)

A. how much money you have got     B. what the weather is like

C. what your city looks like           D. how old are you

(    ) 4. I wonder if he       tonight. If he      , I’ll let you know. (扬州)

A. will come; will come              B. comes; comes

C. will come; comes                 D. comes; will come

(    ) 5. I can’t say       I want to see him again. We haven’t seen each other for nearly three years. (镇江)

      A. how long       B. how soon      C. how often      D. how much

(    ) 6. Mr. Green told me that he       on a trip next Sunday. (通化)

      A. are going       B. was going      C. will go        D. would going

(    ) 7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan       the east of China. (河北)

      A. is in           B. was in         C. is to           D. was to

(    ) 8. Nobody knows       he’ll come or not. (辽宁)

      A. that           B. if              C. /             D. whether

二、按要求改写句子

1.      “Do you want to try something new?” Tom’s mother asked him. (改为复合句,句意不变) (济南)

Tom’s mother asked him                            to try something new.

2.      Could you tell me the way to the station? (改写句子,句意不变) (青岛)

Could you tell me                                     to the station?

3.  “I have finished my homework.” John told me. (改为复合句,句意不变) (天津)

   John told me that                                     homework.

4.  I don’t how I can reach the zoo. (改为简单句) (宿迁)

   I don’t know                                     the zoo.

三、根据汉语提示,完成句子.

1.      我还没有决定是否去参加迈克的生日聚会。(黑龙江)

I haven’t decided         I will go to Mike’s birthday party              .

2.      张清问他奶奶还要些面条。(西安)

Zhang Qing asked his grandma        she                      noodles.

3.      据说在南京长江上又建了一座桥。（南京）

                         that        bridge                      over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.

4.      请你告诉我这把锁是用什么制成的好吗？(无锡)

Would you please tell me                                      ?

5.      你能告诉我他从美国回来多久了？

Can you tell me                                              ?

Ⅱ. The Adverbial Clause (状语从句)

状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。

A)    The Adverbial Clause of Time (时间状语从句)

1) Introduced by when

(表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当…..时”。)

e.g. When you get off the bus, you mustn’t push others.

2) Introduced by before

  (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。)

  e.g. Don’t say anything before you look at the picture.

3) Introduced by after

  (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。)

  e.g. They talked about the party after the people left.

4) Introduced by until

        (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止)

  e.g. I will wait until he comes.

        Note: (until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…untill

意为“直到……才……”。）

  e.g. She won’t go to bed until she finishes her homework.

5) Introduced by as soon as

  (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。)

  e.g. My brother went out as soon as I got home.

Note: 在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。

1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.

2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.

3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. Please don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.

4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：

e.g. I liked reading when I was young.

B)    The Adverbial Clause of Place (地点状语从句)

1) Introduced by where

e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it.

2) Introduced by wherever

e.g. I’ll go wherever you go.

C)    The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式状语从句)

1) Introduced by as

e.g. I’ll do all the things as you told me.

2) Introduced by as if/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)

e.g. It looks as if it’s going to rain.

   He looks as if he were young.

3) Introduced by the way

e.g. I don’t like the way he talks.

D)    The Adverbial Clause of Reason (原因状语从句)

1) Introduced by because

because语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须用because回答，不能用as, since；

e.g.--Why didn’t he come?  --Because he was ill.

2) Introduced by since

since语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然”，“鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；

e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.

3) Introduced by as

as语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；

e.g. As he didn’t know the meaning of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary.

Note:

for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。

e.g. The oil must be out, for the light went out.

E)     The Adverbial Clause of Condition (条件状语从句)

1) 条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。

   e.g. If he doesn’t come on time, we won’t know what to know.

      He must come if he is told.

      Please let me know if he comes back.

      I’ll go there unless it rains.

2) If 条件句的替代形式：

  （1）祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。

   e.g. If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily.

      If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind others. = Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others.

  （2）用介词with, without的替代形式：

   e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water.

      If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help/With the help of you, I’ll finish my task on time.

F)     The Adverbial Clause of Concession (让步状语从句)

1) Introduced by though/although

  e.g. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it out.

2) Introduced by wh-ever

  e.g. Whatever he says(=No matter what he says), don’t believe him.

3) Introduced by even if/even though

e.g. Even if he is poor, she loves her husband. (He may be poor, yet she loves him.)   即使他穷了，她也仍然爱他。

Even though he is poor, she still loves her husband. (He is poor, yet she loves him.) 尽管他穷，但她仍然爱他。

G)    The Adverbial Clause of Result (结果状语从句)

1) Introduced by so that

  e.g. There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by.

2) Introduced by so…that/such…that

  e.g. He walked so fast that I couldn’t keep up with him.

     He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.

H)    The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的状语从句)

1) Introduced by so that

  e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.

2) Introduced by so… that

  e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better.

I) The Adverbial Clause of Comparison (比较状语从句)

1) Introduced by as…as/not so…as; than…

  e.g. This question is not so difficult as I thought.

      The film is much better than we expected.

2) Introduced by The more…, the more

e.g. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it.

状语从句中考题练兵：

一、单项选择

(    ) 1. Somebody rang me up just now, but he hung up       I could answer the phone. (无锡)

      A. when        B. until         C. before        D. since

(    ) 2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper       he’s waiting for the bus. (徐州)

A. if           B. the           C. because      D. while

(    ) 3. You must leave here now       your mother can get some more rest. (常州)

      A. because      B. though        C. so that        D. so

(    ) 4. The meeting is       important that you mustn’t miss it. (盐城)

A. very         B. such          C. so            D. too

(    ) 5. –I’m going to the supermarket.

        --      you are there, would you please buy me some vegetables? (镇江)

A. If            B. Because       C. While        D. After

(    ) 6. –Do you know what he did all day? (镇江)

        --He spent as much time playing as he      .

A. studying       B. was studying   C. studied       D. did studying

(    ) 7. If Mg       in O2, we       MgO, and it       combination reaction(化学变化). (泰州)

      A. will burn, get, calls               B. burns, will get, called

      C. will burn, can get, is calling        D. burns, will get, is called

(    ) 8.       he talked with her for a long time, he failed to convince(说服)her. (黄冈)

      A. Though        B. But           C. Since        D. As

二、同义句改写

1.      Wherever he is, he can make himself at home. (广州)

                              he is, he can make himself at home.

2.      Miss Smith left here after the rain stopped. (淮安)

Miss Smith          leave here          the rain stopped.

3.      If you work hard, you will pass the exam. (盐城)

                    , and you will pass the exam.

4.      Tom was too happy to get to sleep. (大连)

Tom was          happy          he couldn’t                  .

5.      Get off the bus when the driver tells you. （宁夏）

Don’t get off the bus          you                           .

三、根据汉语提示,完成句子.

1. 你看的历史书籍越多，你了解的知识就越多。 （无锡）

                                  , the more knowledge you’ll get.

2. 他是一个好人，与每个人都相处的很好。（常州）

He is such a kind man                                         .

3. 山姆一拿到新书就迫不及待地看了起来。（连云港）

Sam couldn’t wait to read the new book                               .

4. 尽管学电脑花费许多时间，但我认为学好它还是有用的。（南京）

                                   , I think it useful to learn computer well.

6.      看起来要下雨了。（甘肃）

It looks                                                    .

Ⅲ. The Attributive Clause (定语从句)

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。

   This is Tom.

   Tom gave us a talk yesterday.

        This is  Tom  who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.

先行词         定语从句

   引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which

   引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why

一、             who, whom, whose引导的定语从句

1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。

e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.

2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。

e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.

注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.

a)      The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.

(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)

b)      The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定词组)

3. whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。

e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.

   He lives in the house whose window faces south.

二、             that, which引导的定语从句

这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。

1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。

e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.

2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。

e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?

注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。

e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.

知识拓展：

引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：

1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。

e.g. She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.

2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。

e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.

He is in the last row that is next to the window.

3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.

4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。

e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.

5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，

e.g. I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.

They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.

6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。

e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.

7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。

e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now?

 Which is the book that was stolen by him?

8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

e.g. China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.

三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）

1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。

e.g. This is the village where he was born.

c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.

2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。

e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.

c.f. I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.

3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。

e.g. The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.

定语从句专练：

一、单项选择

(    ) 1. The number of people       lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

        A. which       B. who        C. whom        D. /

(    ) 2. This is the most beautiful part       I have       visited.

        A. which; ever   B. that; never   C. which; yet    D. that; ever

(    ) 3. My necklace is not the only thing       is missing.

        A. that         B. which       C. what         D. /

(    ) 4. We’re talking about Tonny,       you met yesterday.

        A. with who     B. whom       C. which        D. that

(   ) 5. Is this the very museum       some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday?

        A. one          B. where       C. that          D. which

(    ) 6. The book       cover is red is Tom’s.

        A. which        B. that         C. /             D. whose

(    ) 7. The place       I grew up is a beautiful town.

        A. which        B. that         C. where         D. from which

(    ) 8. I don’t think the number of people       this happens is very large.

        A. who          B. to which     C. that           D. to whom

(    ) 9. Do you still remember one evening a week ago       I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary?

        A. before         B. which        C. when         D. as

(    )10. Is that the novel about       they talked in class yesterday?

        A. which         B. that          C. who          D. /

二、找错并改正。

1.      The village which my friends live is very far away.                   

2.      I really can’t believe people who talk many but do little.               

3.      The pen with that I’m writing was given by a friend of mine.             

4.      He lives in the house which window faces south.                       

5.      The student with that you talked is from Shanghai.                      

三、根据汉语意思，完成下列句子。

1.      这是上个月被偷的那辆小轿车吗？

Is this the car                                            ？

2.      George是一位热爱登山的英国中学教师。

George was an English school teacher                              .

3.      我喜欢那件有两个口袋的运动衫。

I like that sport sweater                                         .

4.      我永远也忘不了我入团的那一天。

I’ll never forget the day                                         .

5.      你十年前住过的楼房已经被拆掉了。

The building                                    has been pulled down.