Law Zoo

Vocabulary

Stock: n. the ownership element in a corporation usu. divided into shares and represented by transferable certificates

      Common Stock: a class of stock whose holders share in company profits (as through dividends) on a pro rata (按比例) basis, may vote for directors and on important matters such as mergers, and may have limited access to information not publicly available

      Preferred Stock: a class of corporate stock whose holders are guaranteed payment of dividends and a share of asset distribution before the holders of common stock but are usu. denied voting rights

Bond: n. an interest-bearing (有利息的) document giving evidence of a debt issued by a government body or corporation that is sometimes secured by a lien on property and is often designed to take care of a particular financial need

     Convertible Bond: a bond that may be exchanged for another type of security (as common stock) at prearranged terms

Stake: n. an interest of share in an esp. commercial undertaking (商业企业；商业机构)

Tort: n. Damage, injury, or a wrongful act done willfully, negligently, or in circumstances involving strict liability, but not involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can be brought

Title: n. the means or right by which one owns or possesses property 【法】

   evidence title 所有权证明

   good title 有效的所有权

   legal title 权利证书; 法定权利

   title deed 所有权证书(尤指地契)

n       Deed: n. a written instrument (证书[券]; 契约, 文件) by which a person transfers ownership of real property to another

三权辨析

抵押权：为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有，将该财产抵押给债权人的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。《物》179条

   『动产＋不动产，不转移占有（占有、使用、收益、处分权）』

质押权：为了担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人将其动产出质给债权人占有，债权人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，债权人有权就该动产优先受偿。 《物》208条

   『动产，必须转移占有』

留置权：债务人不履行到期债务，债权人可以留置已经合法占有的债务人的动产，并有权就该动产优先受偿。 《物》230条

   『基于法律的规定而产生，非当事人协议』

Mortgage: n. 1. a conveyance of title to property that is given to secure an obligation (as a debt) and that is defeated upon payment or performance according to stipulated terms

      2. a lien against property that is granted to secure an obligation (as a debt) and that is extinguished up payment or performance according to stipulated terms

Servitude: n. a right by which property owned by one person is subject to a specified use or enjoyment of another – used chiefly in the civil law of Louisiana

地役权：地役权人因通行、取水、排水、铺设管线需要，利用他人的不动产或者限制他人不动产的利用，以提高自己的不动产效益的权利。《物》156－169条

关于居所与住所的规定

公民的住所地是指公民的户籍所在地，法人的住所地是指法人的主要营业地或者主要办事机构所在地。《民诉意见》第4条

公民的经常居住地是指公民离开住所地至起诉时已经连续居住一年以上的地方。但公民住院就医的地方除外。 《民诉意见》第5条

自然人的住所确定原则：1户籍所在地的居住地为法定住所；2经常居住地与住所不一致的，前者视为住所；3经常居住地是指自然人离开住所地最后连续居住一年以上的地方，住医院治病的除外；4由户籍所在地迁出后迁入他地之前，无经常居住地的，原户籍所在地仍未住所。

Domicile: 户籍，定居户籍，住所

Residence: 居所

   habitual residence 惯常居所

   legal residence 依法登记的住所，法律上的住所

Ordinance: n. an authoritative decree or law; esp. a municipal regulation 条例

Text

Generally speaking, real property means real estate – land and buildings – but it also includes such things as growing crops.

不动产：1 土地；2 建筑物及构筑物（固定性、继续性与独立性）；3 林木；4 与不动产尚未分离的出产物（如农作物）

But for most of us, that as far as the law is concerned the word property means primarily real property; personal property is of minor importance. (p65)

There is no single, special field of law devoted to personal property. (p65)

There are also all sorts of “future interests” known to the common law. (p67)

The common law, as the royal law courts expounded it had little to say to men and women without land, who were the majority of the English population.

The common law was ingenious in carving up rights to land into various complex segments called “estates”.

The common law was also quite ingenious in devising forms of common or joint ownership, ~