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英文合同中的违约条款

(2021-05-10 08:26:58)
分类: 法律英语国际合同理论实务
英文合同中的违约条款

 BREACH SETTLEMENT CLAUSE IN CONTRACT

 

违约是指英文合同的一方当事人或双方当事人未能按双方签订的合同或有关法律或公约规定的内容认真地、全面地、有效地履行合同中约定的义务,从而有损于 一方或双方在订立该合同时预期的经济目的。

《中华人民共和国合同法》第8条规定“依法成立的合同,对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定腥行自己的义务,不得擅自变更或者解除合同”

A contract concluded according to law shall be legally binding on the parties concerned. The parties shall perform the obligations stipulated in the contract. No party may unilaterally modify or rescind the contract)

 

如果合同当事人不履行合同或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件就构成违约,必须承担违约责任,赔偿违约受损方(aggrieved party)的经济损失。在英文合同中约定不同的承担违约责任方主要有以下几种:

 

1. Compensation for Damages (赔偿损失)

赔偿损失指违约方(Defaulting party)给另一方的财产损失予以补偿,其目的在于弥补违约时给受害方(Damaged party)造成损失的合同利益。

【例1

《中华人民共和国合同法》第113条规定:“当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定,给对方造成损失的,损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失,包括合同履行后可以获得的利益,但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失……”

Article 113 of PRC Contract Law;“If a party fails to perform the contract or its performance of the contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms and thereby causes damage to the other party, the amount of damage compensation shall be equivalent to the damage caused by the breach of the contractincluding the obtainable gains from the performance of the contractbut not exceeding the amount of damage possibly caused by the breach of the contract which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the violating party at the time of the conclusion of the contract."

 

《中华人民共和国合同法》规定的这两条损失赔偿范围的原则与《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定的内容是一致的,具有科学性和客观性。在确定赔偿损失的范围时,应坚持以实际损失和所失利益为赔偿标准,以及坚持赔偿数额的可预见性。这就是合同中有关“损害赔偿限制” Limitation of Damages)方两的规定。一般认为:“凡一方对另一方损害负有赔偿责任时,其赔偿不应超过有错的一方在订立合同时能够合理地预见到的损失”

Where either party is liable in damages to the other, these shall not exceed the damage which the party in default could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the formation of the contract)

 

但是,《中华人民共和国合同法》第119条规定:“当事人一方违约后,对方应当采取萆当措施防止损失的扩大;没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的,不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿”

After one party breaches a contractthe other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the damages from becoming greater 0 If the second party's failure to take appropriate measures increases the damages, it shall not be entitled to claiming compensation for the increased damages)。这就以法律的形式确定了未违约的一方有防止损失扩大的义务。在起草合同时,尤其是起草出口合同时,一定要明确这一点。

 

2.Penalty (违约金)

违约金可以分为法定违约金(legal penalty)和约定违约金(contractual penalty)。《中华人民共和国合同法》第114条规定:“当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违 约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金,也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法”

 (The parties may stipulate in a contract that if either party breaches the contract it shall pay a certain amount of damages for breach of the contract to the other party, depending on the situation of the breach of the contract. They may also stipulate a method for calculating the damages resulting from such a breach)

由此可见,《中华人民共和国合同法》规定的违约金属约定违约金。因此,如果合同当事人采取违约金的形式,一定要在合同中明确违反合同时,一方向另一方支付的具体数额的违约金和违约金支付的形式; 不能只约定,一方违约向另一方支付违约金。否则,即使合同一方违约(breach of a contract),受害方也很难以违约金的方式得到补偿。

违约金的约定应该适当,一般不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失(因为签订合同时,无法预料对方是否违约以及违约后 能造成多大的损失)。但是,约定的违约金过分髙于或低于违反合同所造成的损失 的,当事人可以请求仲裁机构或者法院予以适当减少或者增加

If the contractually agreed breach of contract damages are far more or far less than is necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breachthe party concerned may request an arbitration body or a court to reduce or increase them appropriately)

 

3.Continuing to Perform Obligations (继续履行)

《中华人民共和国合同法》规定的继续履行是指:当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定时,违约方不论是否已经承担赔偿损失或者违约金的责任,都必须根据对方的要求,并在能够履行的情况下,按照合同的约定继续履行合同义务。

 

4. Remedial Measures (补救措施)

补救措施是指在当事人发生违约的事实后,为防止损失的发生或者扩大,而由违约方按照法律的规定或者合同的约定采取的修理(repairing)、更换(substituting) 重做(reworking)、退货(returning the goods)、减少价款(reducing the price)或者报 (remuneration)、补充数董(supplementing quantities)等措施,以使另一方弥补或者减少损失的违约责任形式。例如约定为:“货物到达 目的地时,如发现与合同规定的样品不符,买方有权要求卖方承担更换或退货的违 约责任。在卖方采取上述措施后,买方还有其他损失的,卖方仍应赔偿损失”

(Should the goods be foundon their arrival at destinationto be different from the sample specified in the Contractthe Buyer shall request the Seller to bear the liabilities for substituting or returning the Goods. The Seller shallafter taking the remedial measures hereinabovecompensate for the lossesif the Buyer suffers from other losses)

 

如乙方不能按本合同规定的时间交付技术资料,乙方应按下列比例支付违约金给甲方:

1?4周,每迟交一周违约金为合同总价的_____%;

5?8周,每迟交一周违约金为合同总价的_____%;

超过8周,每迟交一周违约金为合同总价的_____%

乙方按前款交付违约金时,将不解除乙方继续履行支付技术资料的义务。

If Party B fails to dispatch the Documentation within the stipulated period to the contractParty B shall pay to Party A in the following rates

_____ percent of the total contract price for each full week of delay from 1 to 4 weeks

_____ percent of the total contract price for each full week of delay from 5 to 8 weeks

_____ percent of the total contract price for each full week of delay exceeding 8 weeks.

The payment of penalties by Party B to Party A as stipulated in above-mentioned Clause does not relieve Party B of its obligation to continue to deliver the Documentation.


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