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十三 工作,劳作和娱乐
课文讲解
1. labor
1)n.劳动、劳作: The majority of men earn their living by manual labor.大多数人靠体力劳动谋生
2)vi.辛勤劳动: She is laboring at her eassay 她正辛勤地写论文。
2。Essential adj.基本的、必要的: Exercise is essential to the preservation of health运动对于保持健康是必要的。
3.eliminate vt.
1)除去:They tried to eliminate the errors. 他们试图除去错误。
2)削减: The bridge over the railroad tracks eliminated danger in crossing. 这座新建的跨越铁路的桥梁减少了越过铁路时的危险。
4. coincide with 与。。。相符,与。。。一致: My religious belief doesn't coincide with yours.
5.compel vt.迫使: Nothing can compel me to do such a thing. 没有什么可以迫使我做这种事情。
6.abolish vt.废止: If war could be abolished ,armies, would be unnecessary.如果战争可以废止,军队就不需要了。
二、课文解释
1….or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 或者他喜欢做的事被社会忽视,被认为无价值或者不重要。
在这个条件句中,as引导的部分是表示原因的状语,说明“为什么被忽视”,而与as连用的是介词of +名词的结构,其作用相当于形容词,例如: This method is of reat use. (= This method is very useful)
2 In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. 在一个严格来说奴隶制已被废除的社会里,一个人所做的事情具有社会价值的标志是他做此工作得到了 报酬,但今天的劳动者可以恰当地称为薪金的奴隶。
1)本句是一个含有定语从句和同位语从句的复合句,介词短语In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished在句子中做状语,主句是the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, 由连接词but 引导的句子是一个并列分句。
2)状语中的where slavery in the stict sense has been abolished 是定语从句,修饰名词society.
3)主句中的主语是the sign,谓语和表语部分是si that he is paid money to do it.
4)主句中的that what a man does is of social value是同位语从句,补充说明句子的主语the sign.
同位语从句经常用that引导,它与定语从句的不同之处在于:其关系词that在从句中只作连词用,不充当成分,而定语从句的关系词在从句中要充当成分。
5)该句的同位语从句中还有一个主语从句what a man does, 充当同位语从句的主语。
3.A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is form his own point of view voluntary play .如果一个人对社会付酬给他做的工作感兴趣,他就是工作者;从社会的观点来看,工作是必要的劳作,也是个人心目中自愿的玩。1
1)这是一个并列复合句。第一个分句是 man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; 第二个分句是:what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is form his own point of view voluntary play 。
2)第一个分句的主干部分是a man is a worker ,而if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do则是条件状语从句。
3)第二个分句的主语是一个主语从句what is necessary labor,谓语和表语是is voluntary play,而from the point of view of society 和from his own point of view这两个介词短语再句子中是插入语。
4)实际上,整个句子可以这样来理解: A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job. The job is the one that society pays him to do. From the point of view of society, the job is necessary labor and from his own point of view the job is voluntary play. 这样一来,比较复杂的定语从句和主语从句得以简化,从而更容易理解句子。
4. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure.一个人属于那种,可以从他对休闲的态度看出来。
本句中的which a man is 是主语从句,在句子中充当主语。引导主语从句的还有what, where, when , whether, who, why, whose, how ,that等。
例如: Where Mary has gone is none of your business.
5.The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as possible.群众更可能用时尚取代千篇一律的程式,而尽可能经常地改变时尚。同时也复合某些人的经济利益。
1)which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as possible.是定语从句,修饰fashion.
2)短语replace…by的意思是“用。。。取代。。。” 例如:We have replaced hand work by machines.我们已经用机器取代了手工。
3)短语in the interest of 的意思是“符合。。。的利益。
例如: A good leader should act in the interests of all his people.
6.Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. 工作者很少有暴力行为,因为他们能把进取心放在他们的工作上,不管是铁匠从事的体力劳动,还是科学家或艺术家从事的脑力劳动。
句中的be it… or…表示”不管/无论。。。还是。。。。“此句的意思是:whether it is physical
work of a smith or mental work of a scientist or an
artist.
十四
课文讲解
1.allege v.声称、He alleged his innocence before the court. 他在法庭上声称他自己是无辜的。
2.capture
1)v.捕获、抓到、占领、攻陷、夺取、赢得: I at once determined to capture him unaided by anynoe.我立刻决定独自一人去抓捕他。
The army captured the city in December.军队在12月占领了那个城市。
2)n.捕获、被捕、抓住或赢得的东西。 After his capture, he was kindly treated. 他被捕之后,受到善待。The only capture of the day was a rabbit. 这天的唯一猎物就是一只野兔。
3.foster v.收养、照顾、培养、养成 : They have fostered several children of various races. 他们已经收养了好几个不同种族的孩子。
The mother tried to foster her sons interest in music.母亲试图培养儿子在音乐方面的兴趣。
4.avail v.有用、起作用 All his efforts did not avail.
短语: of no(little) avail 没用、无效: Crying is of no avail now. 现在哭是没用的。
To no avail 没有效用: He made repeated attempts, but to no avail 他做了一次又一次的尝试,但都没有用。
5. suspect
1)v.疑心、以为、怀疑: I began to suspect a plot. 我开始怀疑那是个阴谋。 He suspected that I had been in jail. 他怀疑我蹲过监狱。
2) n.嫌疑犯、嫌疑分子: His behavior aroused no suspicion.他的行为没有引起怀疑。
短语: suspect sb. Of sth. 怀疑某人做了某事: The suspect him of muder.他们怀疑他犯了谋杀罪。
6.convince v.使信服、说服: She convinced me that he was innocent. 她使我相信他是无辜的。
二、课文解释:
1.Thats where her path crossed that of Michal LaSane, … 她行驶的道路正好与麦克尔、拉森的道路相交。
1)That's 在句子中表示强调。 例如: That's what he told me. 这就是他所告诉我的事情。
2) 句子中第二个that代表path,是代词,避免重复。
2.It was there, police believe, that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she keop in her bag. 警方认为,正是在这里,温斯坦才能够打开她包里的录音机。
本句是一个强调句,基本结构为It be…that…可以强调句子中除了谓语以外的其他成分,当强调的部分是人做主语时,也可以用who来代替that, 当强调的部分是人做宾语时,可以用whom 例如: It was the headmaster himself who opened the door. 校长自己打开了门。 It was me whom he sent a New Year card to. 他送了一张贺年卡给我。
3.At another point, the teacher tries to get him to open up.同时,这位教师试图让他畅所欲言。
1)at this/that point的意思时:在这个时候、在这个地方 ,例如: It was at that point that I saw him leave the building.正是在那时,我看见他离开了那栋楼。
2) get sb. To do sth.意为“使某人做某事”。在现代英语中,特别是美国口语中,get一词的用法相当普遍,它已不再表示“得到”的意思,而表示“让、使、必须”等意思,大家可以查阅词典。 例如: My boss got me to work on weekends. 我的老板让我周末加班。
3)句子中open up在这里的意思是“变得活跃起来、话多起来”
4. When you hear the tape, it will raise profound questions abou what is happening in our world with juveniles and our society. It goes beyond materialism. 当你听到录音的时候,你会发现它提出了正在发生的有关青少年和社会的深刻问题,这不仅是物质至上的问题。
1)raise a question是“提出问题”的意思,与question搭配并表示“提出问题”的动词还有:
address/a question to sb(向某人提问)
ask sb. A question /ask a question of sb. (向某人提问)
fire questions at ab.(向某人提出一连串的问题)
put (forward) a question to sb.(向某人提出问题)
2)句子中,beyond表示“超出能力、范围”之意 例如: He lives beyound his means. 他过着入不敷出的生活。
5.Weinstein also helped leave behind a new program at Thorne Middle School in which students were encouraged to do nice things for others. 温斯坦还帮助桑恩中学安排了一个新的活动,鼓励学生为他人做好事。
1) 这是一个复合句,句中in which students were encouraged to do nice things for others.是定语从句,修饰Thorne Middle School. 在本句中介词in加上关系代词which相当于关系副词where引导的定语从句。 例如: This is the house where he was born. =This is the house in which he was born.
2)leave behind的意思是“留下、遗留”例如: The incident left behind a long train ofproblems and difficulties.这件事遗留下一连串的问题和困难。
5.Given her fate, the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it:Random Acts of Kindness.想想她的命运,这个活动的名字真是令人心碎-处处行善。
句子中given是介词,并非是过去分词。它在句子中引导状语,其意思是“考虑到。。。、如果有。。。。、假定是。。。。、设想到。。。。”例如:
Given their inexperience, they've done a good
job.考虑到他们没有经验,这项工作已经干得很不错了。
十五
课文讲解
1.pull down v.
1)拆除: The old house has been pulled down.
2)拉倒: Would you please pull down the blinds?请你把窗帘放下来好么?
2.undertake v.
1)从事、进行: We can not undertake the work for the time being.我们暂时不能做这项工作。
2)承担 Who will undertake the responsibility for this work?
3.persist:v.坚持: She persists in wearing that old-fashioned hat.
4. ultimate a. 最后的、最终的: Becoming president is his ultimate goal.当总统是他最终的目标。
5.conquer v.征服、克服:You must conquer your fear of height.
派生词:conqueror n.征服者: William the Conqueror is an important figure in the European history. 征服者威廉是欧洲历史上一位重要人物。
Conquest n.征服: The basic aim of the institute is the conquest of disease.该研究院的基本目标是征服疾病。
6. possess v.拥有、占有: The country possesses rich mineral deposits. 这个国家拥有丰富的矿产资源。
派生词: possession n.拥有、财产(复数) 例如: My family has had the possession of the house for more than a hundred years. 我的家族拥有这栋房子已经一百多年了
She lost all her possessions in the war. 她在战争中失去了全部财产。
短语: in possession of 拥有: Who is in possession of the property?谁拥有这份财产?
Take possession of 占有、占领: The sildiers took possession of the enemy stronghold. 士兵们占领的敌人的要塞。
二、课文讲解:
1。 But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are , to identity their real problems, to respond more fully to beauty, to place adequate value on life, and to make their world safer than it now is. 但是计算机是使人更容易还是更难以理解自己究竟是什么,是否有助于识别真正的问题,有助于对美做出更全面的反应?是否能使世界变得比现在更安全?这个问题一直存在而且实际上越来越明显。
1)这是一个复合句,本句虽然较长,但主要结构是”主语+谓语“ 。 主语是the question, 谓语是persists and grows, 连词whether引导的从句为同位语从句,对主语the question 进行补充说明。由于同位语从句过长,置于句尾,以求句子的平衡。
2)句子中的5个动词不定式短语,做从句中的谓语动词make 的宾语。It只是形式上的宾语,没有任何意义。只用来代替这5个不定式短语。For human beings 是不定式的逻辑主语。
3)respond to 的意思是”回答、对。。。做出回应“
2.Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research. 电脑能减少生命研究中的许多死胡同。
1)本句是一个简单句。句子中的involved in vital research是过去分词短语做定语,修饰dead ends.
2)involve的意思是”使卷入、包括“常与介词in搭配,例如: poverty involved his family in misfortune. 贫困使他的家庭陷入了不幸。
3)profusion of 的意思为”大量的、很多“
3. Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to …它们也不能把一个人同与之相关的事物联系起来。。。
否定词nor放在句首时,句子需要用倒装结构,表示所说的情况与前面所说的相似。类似的否定词还有neither,hardly, scarcely, never, seldom等。 例如: I never saw him again, nor did I hear from him .
4. The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data fro wisdom, just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight. 在计算机时代、这些事情之所以重要,是因为可能有一种错把数据当智慧的趋势,就像一直存在的把逻辑与价值、智力,以及见解混为一谈的趋势一样。
1)本句是一个复合句。主语是the reason. 谓语是is, 表语是that引导的表语从句there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom; just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values, and intelligence with insight是状语从句。
2)主语reason 后面的定语东京,常以关系副词why引导,也可以用关系代词that(此处省略)。另外,reason作主语时,其表语从句只能以that引导。
3)为避免重复,intelligence前省略了there has always been a tendency to confuse.
4)短语mistake …for的意思是”把。。。错当成。。。。“例如:He mistook that stick for a snake. 他把那根棍子错看成蛇了。
5. They ar too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as the rawest of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. 它们极容易被认为是已经获得定评的事实,而不是迫切需要处理、使之具有逻辑条理的原始材料中最原始的部分。
1)rather than as…中省略了主语和谓语动词they ar regarded.
2)crying to (迫切需要)…是现在分词短语作定语,修饰前面的raw materials.
3)rather than 而不是。例如: He sold vegetables at half price rather than allow them to go bad他把蔬菜以半价卖了出去,而没有让它们变质。
6. To the extent, then, that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence nd the ultimate responsibilities of human decision, the computer could prove a digression. 因而,在人类不能区分电子智力的中间运算与人的决定的最终责任的情况下,计算机可能被证明是一种节外生枝。
1)介词短语To the extent, then, that man fails to … human decision引导的是状语,主句是the computer could prove a digression.
2)状语中that引导的从句是同位语从句,进一步说明前面的词extent.
3)to the extent that …意为”达到。。。的程度“
4) distinguish(区分)用作及物动词时,与介词from 搭配,用作不及物动词时,与介词between搭配。 例如: Ability to talk distinguishes human beings from the lower animals 用语言交谈的能力使人类有别于低等动物。 People who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded 不能分辨颜色的人被成为有色盲。
7. The poet- and we use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit- can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sentisivity, thus safeguarding it. 诗人- 我们用这个词指所有尊重人类精神,诉说人类精神的人- 能够帮助为潜意识提供材料,增强其敏感度,从而保护它。
1)破折号中的部分是插入语,进一步说明前面的主语the poet.
2)to enhance its sensitivity 是动词不定式短语作目的状语。
3)then safeguarding为现在分词短语作结构状语。
4)supply sb. With sth. 或supply sth. To sb.意思为”向某人提供某物: The town
is supplied with water form the reservoir in the hills.
这座城市的供水来自于山间的水库。


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