加载中…English Grammar:倒装
谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full
inversion)和部分倒装(partial
inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be
动词等功能置于主语这前。
引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种：
1．在疑问句中
例1：How are you getting along with your work?
例2：Is this report written in detail?
注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。
2．在there be 及其类似结构中
例1：There are forty students in our class.
例2：There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet.
例3：There stands a bridge across the river.
3．在表示祝愿的句子中
例1：Long live the People’s Republic of China!
例2：May you succeed!
例3：Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.
4．在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。
例1：Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
例2：Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.
5．在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用于另一句中的主语。例如：
1）This problem is not difficult and neither is that one.
2）Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil.
6．在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如：
1）Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.
2）Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.
3）Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
4）Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience.
7．在强调表语时
例1：Worst of all were the humiliations.
例2：Such is the case.
8．在强调宾语时
例1：Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.
例2：Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.
注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如：
Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.
9．在强调状语时
（1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如：
1）Up went the plane.
2）In came the chairman and the meeting began.
注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如：
1）Out they rushed!
2）Lower and lower he bent.
(2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如：
1）Round the corner walked a large policeman.
2）Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.
（3）当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如：
1）Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
2）Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.
（4）当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如：
1）Here is a ticket for you.
2）Now comes your turn.
3）Here he comes.
（5）以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如：
1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.
3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。
10．在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如：
1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry.
2）“What do you mean?” he asked.
11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance.
12．在as, though引导的让步状语从句中
在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如：
1）Small as the atom is, we can smash
it.
English Grammar:定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
一．词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 Who which that
主语 Whom which that
宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例１：This is the detective who came from London.
例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例３：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例４：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
２．关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
３．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二．关系副词引导的定语从句
1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四．As在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
（１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
（２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
（３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is
known by everyone.
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