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第十二章：构词法

英语中的构词法主要包括: 转化词, 派生词, 合成词, 混成词, 截短词, 缩略词等, 其中前三种最为重要

转化词

转化词就是词形不变, 由一个词类转化成另一个词类的词

一.转化动词, 如: mark评分, stage上演, warm加热,使温暖, further促进, water浇水

         a. Warm the milk before drinking it.

         b. She waters the flowers every day.

         c. Cool the water before you drink it.

         d. The train slowed down as it entered the station.

二.转化名词, 如: cause起因, use用处, native本地人, major主修科目

         a. Let’s go for a drive next Sunday.

         b. You can ask for a help.

         c. They stopped there for a swim.

派生词

派生词就是通过在词根上加前缀或后缀构成的另一个词. 后缀通常改变词根的词类; 前缀通常改变词根的词义

一.构成反义词的前缀, 如: un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, non-, de-

1.前缀un-, 如: unpleasant, unusual, unwanted, uncomfortable, unimportant, unsold, undivided, unreserved

2.前缀in-用于除l, b, m, p, r起首的词之前, 如: incomplete, inconvenient, inability, independent

3.前缀im-用于以b, m, p起首的词之前, 如: impossible, impatient, improper

4.前缀il-用于以l起首的词之前, 如: illegal不合法的, illogical不合逻辑的

5.前缀ir-用于以r起首的词之前, 如: irregular, irrelevant, irresponsible

6.前缀dis-, 如: dishonest, dislike, disagree, discover, dissatisfied, disadvantage, disabled

7.前缀non-, 如: non-stop, non-violent, non-smoker, nonmember非成员

8.前缀de-, 如: devalue减少…的价值

二.其他前缀:

1.前缀en-表示 “使得…, 使成为…”, 如: enlarge扩大, enable使能够, endanger危害, encourage鼓励

  2.前缀re-表示 “再, 重新”, 如: reprint, redesign, rebuild, reuse, review, repay, rewrite

  3.前缀mis-表示 “坏的, 错误的, 不利的”, 如: misunderstand, misspell拼错, misplace放错, misname误称, mislead误导, misremember记错

  4.前缀counter-表示 “反对, 逆, 对付”, 如: counterculture反主流文化, counterpart对应的人或物, countermeasure对抗手段, countermarch向后转行进

5.前缀anti-表示 “反对, 抵抗, 排斥”, 如: anti-American反美分子, antigas防毒气的, antisocial孤僻的, anticraft防空炮火

6.前缀pro-表示 “赞成…的, 亲…的”, 如: pro-American亲美的

7.前缀mono-表示 “单一, 单独”, 如: monoplane单翼飞机, monologue独白, monotone单独

8.前缀semi-表示 “一半的”, 如: semifinal半决赛, semimonthly半月地, semiconductor半导体, semicircle半圆

9.前缀bi-表示 “两个的, 两倍的, 双重的”, 如: bicycle, biweekly双周的, biyearly每两年的, bilingual双语的

10.前缀tri-表示 “三, 三倍, 三重的”, 如: tricycle三轮车, triangle三角形

11.前缀ultra-表示 “极端的, 超过的, 过于的”, 如: ultra-left极左的, ultra-democracy极端民主, ultra-short超短的, ultrasound超声

12.前缀over-表示 “过度的, 太多的; 在上面; 全面地; 超越; 翻倒”, 如: overbold过于胆大的, overcareful过分小心的, overcrowd挤满, overlook眺望, overwork劳累过度, overcoat大衣

13.前缀under-表示 “不足的; 劣于; …之下的”, 如: undersea海底, undershirt内衣, underworld地狱

14.前缀super-表示 “…上, 超级, 过度”, 如: superhighway, supernatural超自然的, superman超人, superheat使过热, supermarket

15.前缀ex-表示 “到外面, 向外的, 以前的”, 如: ex-wife前妻, exclude除外, ex-president前总统, ex-change交换

16.前缀sub-表示 “下; 低位; 副”, 如: subhead副标题, subdivide再分, subcontinent次大陆, subtopic副主题, subtitle小标题

17.前缀inter-表示 “…间; 相互的”, 如: international, interchange交换, intercommunicate互联通讯, interact相互作用, interphone对讲电话

18.前缀co-表示 “共同, 共通”,如: co-exist共存, co-author合著者之一, cooperate合作

三.构成名词的后缀:

1.后缀-er / -or表示 “…的人; 供做…的物”, 如: islander, bottle-opener, thinker, writer, learner, passenger, designer, photo copier

2.后缀–ist表示 “做…的人; …家; …主义者”, 如: communist共产主义者, Marxist马克思主义者, socialist社会主义者, pianist钢琴家, typist打字员, journalist记者

3.后缀–ism表示 “…主义; ..学说; …行为; …状态”, 如: socialism社会主义, Marxism马克思主义, tourism旅游业

4.后缀-ness, 如: darkness, carelessness, gentleness, kindness, business, sadness

5.后缀-ing, 如: sightseeing, feeling, painting, finding, saving, earning, meaning, training, belonging, greeting

6.后缀–tion, 如: invitation, invention, pronunciation, composition, contribution, collection, situation

7.后缀–sion, 如: expression, impression, procession, permission

8.后缀–ment, 如: government, movement, development, equipment, announcement, punishment, treatment

9.后缀–ship表示 “…的状态; …的技能; …术”, 如: friendship, partnership伙伴关系, seamanship航海术, hardship困苦, readership读者群, scholarship会员身份, ownership所有制

10.后缀–hood表示身份, 资格, 时间, 集体, 状态, 如: brotherhood兄弟般的关系, likelihood可能性, neighborhood邻里, childhood童年时代, boyhood少年时代, girlhood少女时代

11.后缀–ity, 如: reality现实, ability能力, activity活动, possibility可能性, regularity正规, nationality国籍, disability残疾, minority少数

12.后缀–ence, 如: difference区别, existence存在, silence沉默, occurrence事件, reference提及, conference会议

13.后缀-ance, 如: appearance出现, performance表演, acceptance接受, assistance帮助, distance距离

14.后缀-ure, 如: pleasure快乐, failure失败, exposure暴露, closure关闭, mixture混合, gesture姿势

15.后缀–ess表示女性或雌性, 如: hostess女主人, mistress主妇, lioness雌狮子, waitress女服务员

16.后缀–th, 如: truth真理, strength力量, length长度, growth成长, depth深度

17.后缀–al, 如: removal除去, survival幸存, proposal建议, trial试验, approval承认

18.后缀–ant表示 “做…事的人或物”, 如: accountant会计, applicant申请者, consultant请教者, servant服务员, assistant助手, expectant期待者

19.后缀–ee表示 “受…者,…行为者”, 如: employee受雇者, payee收款人, referee受委托者, appointee被任命者

20.后缀–eer表示 “与…有关者, 从事…者”, 如: volunteer自愿者, profiteer不当得利者, racketeer诈骗者

21.后缀-ful表示 “满量”, 如: basketful一篮, handful一把, houseful满屋子

22.后缀–ese表示 “…的人, …语”, 如: Japanese, Cantonese广东人, Vietnamese越南人, Viennese维也纳人

四.构成形容词的后缀:

1.后缀–ful表示 “充满…的, 有…性质的”, 如: careful, useful, helpful, hopeful, powerful, painful, merciful

2.后缀–less表示 “无; 不做; 不能”, 如: careless, hopeless, fatherless丧父的, harmless, rainless, countless无数的, speechless无言的

3.后缀–able表示 “能够; 适于…; 值得…”, 如: eatable, acceptable, laughable可笑的, comfortable

4.后缀–ible表示 “可(被)…的; 能…的”, 如: responsible有责任的, permissible可允许的, divisible可分的, possible可能的

5.后缀–ic表示 “与…有关的; 像…的; 由…产生的”, 如: heroic英雄的, historic有历史意义的, atomic原子的, energetic精力旺盛的, electric电的

6.后缀–ive表示 “拥有…的性质; 有…的倾向”, 如: inventive发明的, imaginative富有想象力的, sensitive敏感的, effective有效的, expressive表情丰富的

7.后缀– ous表示 “具有…的; 多…的; 有…特性的”, 如: various, nervous, continuous连续的, poisonous有毒的, anxious, mountainous多山的, dangerous, courageous英勇的

8.后缀–y表示 “有…的; 由…构成, 似…的; 有点…的”, 如: healthy, wealthy, rainy, windy, silky, greedy, smelly有臭味的

9.后缀–ly表示 “像…的; 有…性质的; 反复发生的”, 如: friendly, motherly母亲似的, manly在男子气的, monthly每月的

10.后缀–ant表示 “有…性质的”, 如: important, distant, ignorant无知的

11.后缀–ent表示 “…的状态”, 如: different, independent, impatient, frequent经常的, excellent极好的

12.后缀–en表示 “由…制的”, 如: wooden, woolen羊毛的, golden金的

13.后缀–ern表示方向, 如: western, eastern, northern, southern

14.后缀–al表示 “像…的; 与…有关的”, 如: personal, electrical电的, cultural, natural, national

15.后缀–ish表示 “似…的; …的”, 如: selfish自私的, childish似孩童的, foolish

16.后缀–like表示 “像…的”, 如: childlike孩子般天真的, godlike上帝般的, lifelike栩栩如生的

17.后缀–ary表示 “与…有关的; …的”, 如: revolutionary革命的, imaginary虚构的, momentary瞬间的, primary首要的, ordinary普通的

18.后缀–ed表示 “有…的; 特有…的”, 如: skilled有技术的, talented有天赋的, wooded林木茂密的

19.后缀–some表示 “易于…的, 有…倾向的; 产生…的”, 如: lonesome寂寞的, handsome英俊的, tiresome讨厌的, fearsome可怕的, burdensome沉重的

20.后缀–an表示 “…的, 与…有关的, …风格的”, 如: Canadian加拿大的, Australian澳大利亚的, Mexican墨西哥的, American, European欧洲的

五.构成动词的后缀:

1.后缀–ize / -ise表示 “使成为, 使能够, 作…处理”, 如: realize实现, industrialize工业化, mechanize机械化, nationalize使国有化, revolutionize使革命化, modernize使现代化

2.后缀–ify表示 “使成为…的; 使…化”, 如: beautify美化, terrify使惊吓, electrify电气化, magnify放大

3.后缀–en表示 “使有, 使得”, 如: strengthen加强, deepen加深, darken使变黑, shorten使变短, fasten扎牢

4.后缀–ate表示 “使, 作为…”, 如: activate使活动, motivate激发, liberate解放, separate分开, hibernate冬眠

六.构成副词的后缀:

1.后缀-ly, 如: really, simply, happily, publicly, happily, lastly, lately, excitedly

2.后缀–ward表示方向, 如: upward, inward, westward, homeward, backward

合成词

合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词

一.合成名词, 如: workforce, haircut, postman, X-ray, mailbox, landowner, farmland, handstand, handshake, coastline, gunfire, short-wave, gentleman, newcomer, tightrope, best-seller, mainland, freeway, second-hand, midday, front-runner, pickpocket扒手, breakwater防波堤, runway, sit-downer静坐罢工者, breakthrough突破, runaround借口, runaway逃亡, sell-out售完, handout传单, breakdown衰落

二.合成形容词, 如: worldwide, nationwide, duty-free, snow-white, world-famous, lifelong, English-speaking, noise-killing, hand-made, peace-loving, horse-drawn, fun-loving, ready-made现成的, good-looking, easy-going, low-lying地势低洼的, well-known, hard-working, well-informed消息灵通的, widespread, ill-formed, first-rate, second-hand, worthwhile, everyday, middle-aged, warm-blooded, good-tempered, bare-footed

三.合成代词, 如: himself, herself, themselves, something, someone, anything, nobody

四.合成动词, 如: overthrow, output, input, uphold, uplift, downgrade, sleep-walk, typewrite, brainwash, handpick精选, daydream, whitewash, deep-freeze

五.合成副词, 如: meanwhile, midway, everywhere, somewhere, anyway, otherwise, sometime, beforehand, onshore, inside, offhand, headfirst头朝下地, daylong