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第十一章：非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指不充当谓语的动词形式, 主要有: 动词不定式, 分词(现在分词和过去分词), 动名词. 有关非谓语动词的概述参看 “语法框架”中 “非谓语动词”部分

动词不定式

一.形式: 动词不定式的一般式是to do, 另外还有一些变化形式如下表:

二.动词不定式在句中的作用: 作主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语

  1.作主语:

①.不定式作主语时, 谓语动词用单数

         a. To smoke is a bad habit.

         b. To know is one thing; to do is another.

    ②.不定式做主语时, 通常将不定式后移, 而在其位置上用形式主语it

         a. It is polite to write to your host and say “Thank you.”

         b. It is the custom in France to shake hands a lot.

  2.作宾语:

①.不定式通常作动词的宾语, 也能作少数介词的宾语

         a. We want to learn some body language.

         b. I don’t know what to do next.

②.在but(除了) / except (除了)等少数介词的后面, 可以用带to的不定式作宾语, 但如果but / except前有实义动词do的某个形式时, 则but / except后的不定式省略to

         a. I had no choice but to work hard.

         b. There is nothing left to do but lie down and sleep.

  3.作宾补:

①.跟不定式作宾补的动词常见的有: advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, get, force, invite, expect, order, permit, persuade, require, want, warn, teach, wish等

         a. Body language helps you to communicate with foreigners.

         b. Would you like me to help you?

         c. Do you want me to find out the phone number?

    ②.有些及物动词(主要是感官动词和使役动词)后用不定式作宾补时, 不定式的符号to要省略, 这类及物动词如: let, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, watch, have等. 变成被动语态时, 省略的to要加出

         a. I heard him go downstairs very early that morning.

         b. The workers were made to work long hours by the boss.

  4.作表语

         a. Our work is to clean the windows.

         b. My advice is not to drink any more.

  5.作定语:

①.不定式作定语时要后置

         a. Children, I have something to tell you.

         b. I am very busy; I have some letters to write.

②.动词不定式作定语时, 其中的动词与被修饰词在逻辑上有主谓关系, 动宾关系或同位关系. 如果是动宾关系, 则要求不定式动词是及物的, 否则, 要在不定式动词后加上适当的介词

         a. He is always the first one to get up.

         b. Every morning she would bring him the papers to read.

         c. The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.

  6.作状语:

①.不定式作状语时多表示目的, 原因, 结果等

         a. He got up very early to catch the first bus.

         b. We eat to live; we don’t live to eat.

         c. We woke up only to find everybody gone.

         d. We are glad to hear of your success.

         e. They jumped with joy to see him back.

②.不定式作结果或程度状语时常见的五种搭配是: so…as to…/ such…as to…/ enough…to…/ too…to…/ only to…

a. Tom was so foolish as to tell lies to the police.

         b. I am such a fool as to think that he is warm-hearted.

         c. I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have.

         d. It was too late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi.

         e. He arrived at the station, only to find the train had left.

三.使用动词不定式时应注意的问题:

1.动词不定式省略符号to的情况:

①.在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式省略to(参看上文)

②.在一些固定结构中,.动词不定式省略to, 如: rather than do sth, would rather do sth, had better do sth,  why not do sth.

         a. Rather than ride on a crowed bus, he always prefers a bicycle.

         b. Why not go out for a walk ?

         c. I would rather play football than basketball.

③.当两个并列的带to的不定式由and或or连接时, 第二个不定式的符号to可以省略

         a. I intend to call on him and discuss the question again.

         b. She asked you to call or write to her on Sunday.

         c. I haven’t decided to go home or to stay at school this summer.

  2.动词不定式位于某些形容词之后, 构成以下句型: S + be + adj. + to do. 在此句型中, 句子主语与不定式动词do有两种关系:

①.句子主语与不定式动词是逻辑主谓关系

         a. They were eager to know everything about China.

         b. I am sorry to keep you waiting.

②.句子主语与不定式动词是逻辑动宾关系, 这时, 如果不定式动词是不及物, 则需加上适当的介词

         a. The question is easy to answer.

         b. The chair is very comfortable to sit on.

  3.疑问词(除why以外) + to do常含有“应该如何如何”之意, 可替换成相应的名词从句

         a. Would you tell us what to do now? (=Would you tell us what we should do now?)

         b. Can you tell me where to get the book ? ( =Can you tell me where I should get the book ?)

  4.作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时, 动词不定式常常省略to之后的内容, 而保留to

         a. Did you go to see the Great Wall ? No, I wanted to, but there wasn’t time.

         b. He wanted to go to Beidaihe, but he wasn’t able to.

5.不定式的完成式在plan, hope, expect, would like等之后, 表示事实上没有实现的行为

         a. He planned to have gone abroad. 他原计划出国(但事实上没有去)

         b. I hoped to have seen her. 我原希望见到她的(但事实上没见到)

         c. I would like to have had your help. 我本想得到你的帮助的(实际上我没有得到)

         d. The enemy expected to have found him. 敌人本来指望找到他(实际上没找到)

6.动词不定式的复合结构: for / of sb to do sth. 其中sb是不定式动词do的逻辑主语

         a. No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building.

         b. It was a mistake for her to do such a thing.

         c. I opened the door for her to come in.

         d. It is very kind of you to help me.

 

 

 

 

现在分词

一.形式: 现在分词的一般式是doing, 另外还有一些变化形式如下表

二.现在分词在句中的作用: 作定语, 状语, 宾语补足语, 表语

1.作定语:

         a. I don't know the quarrelling couple.

         b. The woman coming to Paris from London was Lucie Manette.

2.作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 可以表示时间, 原因, 伴随动作, 方式等, 或对谓语动词所表示的动作加以修饰或说明

         a. Entering the small room, Defarge found Dr Manette making a shoe.

         b. Knowing that she was an experienced worker, they often asked her for help.

         c. He ran after me, holding something in his hand.

         d. Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.

         e. Having brought her father back to England, Lucie helped him to get better.

         f. The poor of the cities, having lived such a hard life, took up guns.

         g. So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him.

  3.作宾补:

         a. Don’t make any noise! Don’ you see the child sleeping ?

         b. I saw them playing on the playground at six o’clock.

  4.作表语:

         a. The film is very moving (感人的).

动名词

一.形式: 动名词的形式与现在分词完全相同

二.动名词在句中的作用: 动名词在句中起着名词的作用, 可以作主语, 宾语和表语

1.作主语:

         a. Planting wheat close together is very important.

         b. Listening to music is a pleasure.

  2.作宾语: 包括动词的宾语和介词的宾语

         a. They have just finished collecting crops.

         b. This book is about both farming and gardening.

         c. All of them succeeded in crossing the river.

  3.作定语:

         a. He is in the reading room.

  4.作表语:

a. His work is teaching English.

三.动名词的复合结构:

   动名词之前可以直接加上其逻辑主语, 用名词 / 人称代词 / 物主代词 / 名词所有格来表示 (如果是在句首, 则多用物主代词 / 名词所有格来表示). 这种带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构, 这种结构在句中的作用和单个的动名词一样

         a. Jack’s / His going there was a great mistake.

         b. I don’t like young people smoking./ I don’t like them smoking.

         c. I don’t like young people’s smoking. / I don’t like their smoking.

         d. There will be no chance for your seeing him again.

四.使用动名词时应注意的问题:

1.在动词want, need, require后接动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思, 相当于want / need / require to be done

         a. The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.

2.在forget, remember, regret, excuse, thank, apologize等动词后, 可以用动名词的一般式代替完成式

         a. She didn’t remember meeting him before.

         b. I regret quarrelling with him.

过去分词

一.形式: 过去分词只有一个形式(参看“动词概述”一章有关过去分词的构成规则)

二.过去分词在句中的作用: 作定语, 状语, 宾语补足语, 表语

1.作定语: 单个过去分词作定语, 位于它所修饰的词之前, 如: an organized trip; 过去分词短语作定语,位于它所修饰的词之后, 如: a trip organized by the school

  2.作状语: 过去分词作状语时, 可以表示时间, 原因, 伴随情况, 条件等

         a. Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.

         b. Moved by his deeds, the people decided to do their best.

         c. He went to the house, followed by some children.

         d. Given more time, he would be able to do better.

         e. Once discovered, the enemies were completely wiped out.

         f. Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective.

  3.作表语:

         a. The lake is badly polluted.

  4.作宾补:

         a. We were surprised to find all the trees blown down by the hurricane.

         b. I saw the thief caught by the police.

         c. I have made my ideas known to all of them.

         d. The government had all the streets cleared.

常见问题

一.非谓语动词的含义与逻辑主语的问题:

不同的非谓语动词的形式可以充当相同的句子成分, 如不定式、现在分词和过去分词都可以作表语、定语、状语、宾补, 要弄清它们之间的区别, 要把握以下几大问题:

  1.非谓语动词的含义. 非谓语动词的含义包括两个方面: ①.时间, 即将做、正做或己做; ②.语态, 即主动或被动

①.动词不定式的各种形式的一般含义见下表:

②.现在分词或动名词各种形式的一般含义见下表:

    ③.过去分词或含有被动的含义, 或含有完成的含义, 或两者兼而有之, 即表示“被…”, “己…”或“己被…”

  2.非谓语动词的逻辑主语: 非谓语动词的含义所描述的人或事物, 就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语

  3.非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子成分的关系:

①.非谓语动词作状语时, 其逻辑主语应是句子的主语

②.非谓语动词作宾补时, 其逻辑主语应是句子的宾语

③.非谓语动词作定语时, 其逻辑主语应是被修饰词

④.非谓语动词作表语时, 其逻辑主语应是句子的主语

请结合前文的例句, 仔细体会以上的表述

二.某些及物动词后接to do / doing的问题:

  1.有些及物动词之后既可接to do, 也可接doing, 意义相同, 如: start, begin, continue等

  2.有些及物动词之后既可接to do, 也可接doing, 意义稍有区别, 如: love, like, hate, prefer, learn, attempt 等, 接to do侧重表示一次的具体的动作, 接doing侧重表示一般性的习惯性的动作

         a. I love going to the theatre./ I love to go to the theatre today.

b. I hate getting up early./ I hate to get up early this morning.

  3.有些及物动词之后既可接to do, 也可接doing, 意义明显不同, 如: stop, remember, forget, try, regret等, 接doing表示做过的或正在做的事, 接to do表示未做过的事

         a. He stopped eating while he spoke to me.

         b. He worked for three hours and then stopped to eat his lunch.

         c. Remember to see him before he goes away.

         d. I remember seeing him once in Shanghai.

         e. I forgot to post the letter./ I shall never forget seeing the singer.

  4.有些及物动词之后只能接to do, 而不可接doing, 如: except, hope, promise, decide, desire, expect, hope, pretend, promise, refuse, mean(打算)等

  5.有些及物动词之后只能接doing, 而不能接to do, 如: dislike, enjoy, finish, mind, practise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest等

在某些惯用语中也用doing, 而不用to do, 如: can’t help doing情不自禁, can’t stand doing sth不能忍受, give up doing, feel like doing, be worth doing, be busy doing等

三.与非谓语动词有关的独立主格:

现在分词或过去分词作状语时, 其逻辑主语应是句子的主语. 如果不是, 分词需要带上自己的逻辑主语 (直接加在分词之前), 从而构成独立主格结构

         a. Seen from the hill, our school looks more beautiful.(seen的逻辑主语是句子的主语our school)

         b. Seeing from the hill, we find the school looks more beautiful.(seeing的逻辑主语是句子主语we)

         c. The meeting being over, we all left the room and drove home.(being over的逻辑主语是the meeting)

         d. Weather permitting, they will go and visit the zoo.(permitting的逻辑主语是weather)

四.独立的非谓语动词短语:

英语中有一些独立的非谓语动词短语, 它们作状语时, 其逻辑主语可以不是句子的主语. 这样的短语包括:

1.独立的现在分词短语有: generally speaking一般地说, strictly speaking严格地说, honestly speaking诚实地说, frankly speaking坦率地说, talking of谈起, speaking of谈到, judging by / from由…判断, considering考虑到, supposing…, according to…, including…等

         a. Generally speaking, parents care more about their children’s health than about their own.

         b. Judging from her accent, she must be from Shanghai.

         c. He speaks Chinese quite well, considering that he has been in China for only a year.

         d. Considering everything, the plan is worth trying.

         e. Judging by the number of copies sold, the book is a great success.

  2.独立的过去分词短语有: given…(被给予), compared…(比较), provided…(假如)等

         a. You may keep the book one more week provided that no one else requires it.

         b. Given a few more months, the whole situation will become much better.

         c. Compared with last year, the average price was reduced 9 percent.

  3.独立的不定式短语有: to tell the truth, to be certain / sure, to start / begin with首先, to be honest说实话, to be frank with you坦白对你说, 这些短语都表示说话人的态度或观点