Introduction to word-formation

构词法入门

"Major ways（主要构词法）

"I:    Derivation(派生)

"（Prefix） ＋ root ＋ （suffix ）

"Internationally，careless， decode， derail， deflower，fatism, lookism, sizism

"II:    Conversion（转化）

"Don’t boss/brother me.

"Is his baby a he or a she?

"还可以改变重音改变词性，如：export, survey , etc

"III:   Compounding（合成）

"doorbell, bedroom, brainwash, brainstorm,   red-light district,

"有时并非简单相加：rest-room(公厕), Lazy Susan（餐桌转盘）,   compare notes（交换意见）, sporting house（妓院，赌场），black tea(红茶)， capital idea（极好的主意）， greenhouse， French letter（避孕套）； false friends（不忠实的朋友）， busboy（餐馆勤杂工） ，busybody（爱管闲事的人） ， heartman （俚）男性接受心脏移植者，sweet water（淡水，饮用水）

"Minor ways（次要构词法）

"I:   Invention （发明）

"Clone； nylon；Kodak（柯达；用手提照相机拍照）；Coke(可乐，焦炭)；

"II:   Blending(拼缀法)：two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words

"Breakfast + lunch : brunch

"Smoke + fog: Smog

"Motor + hotel: / boat + hotel:Motel ; boatel

"Television + broadcast: telecast（电视广播）

"Cremated + remains: cremains（骨灰）

"Magnetic levitating train: maglev train（磁悬浮列车）

"Fruit + juice: fruice（果汁饮料）

"Slang + language: slanguage（使用俚语的表现法）

"III: Abbreviation / clipping (截短法)

"1. Cutting the final (or with a slight change):

"Advertisement :  ad 广告

"Exposition : expo 博览会

"Pornography : porn 色情文学

"Homosexual : homo 同性恋

"Mathematics : math

"Professor : prof

"Picture (s):  Pic/pix

"Con: convict; ex-con: former convict

"Champion : champ

"2. Cutting the initial part

"Aeroplane : plane

"Telephone : phone

"3. Cutting both the initial and final parts

"Influenza : flu

"Refrigerator : fridge

"IV:  Acronyms （词首字母缩略词）

"CIA（Central Intelligence Agency.中央情报局）, FBI（联邦调查局）, PLO, WTO, UNESCO（联合国教科文组织）, WB（world bank）, IMF, ASEAN, OPEC, APEC, IOC, HIV, PR, HR, IT（information technology）信息技术, WHO, ATM（automatic teller machine自动取款机）

"Some personal ones: DIY自己动手做, SOHO, DINK丁克一族, etc.

"V： Borrowing (from other languages: 酷，瑜珈yoga，克隆clone，沙发，拜拜，等等)

"French: ballet, salon, venue, chauffeur;

"Latin : i,e. (that is); e.g. (for example); etc. (et cetera), cancer, tumor,  

"Greek: atom,

"German: hamburger,

"Chinese: taiji, kung-fu, china，

"Japanese: judo 柔道

"Concerned with borrowing: loan words through blending and translation etc.

"1. Change a little bit , such as pronunciation

"(French) coup d’etat; (Chinese) tea,

"2. Loan blending：（Spanish + English ）coconut，(Chinese + English ) Chinatown ;

"3. Loan translation: land reform, humor noir: black humor,  back door,  paper tiger, running dog, bad egg, long time no see.

"VI：Back－formation（逆构词法）

"Editor－edit；

"babysitter－baby-sit

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