尹氏快乐英语文化传播中心

六、关系代词   

（一）关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which等，都用来引导定词从句。它们在定词从句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（即先行词）。

（二）关系代词的用法 

1. who, whom, whose 指人，在定语从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语。例如：

 

Girls who work in restaurants are called waitresses.   The man (whom) I telephoned is out.

This is the boy whose mother is a singer.

2.which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.    Here is the book(which) he bought yesterday.

3.that既可以指人，也可以指物，在句子中作主语或宾语。例如： Who is the man that is sitting under the tree？   I’ve read the newspaper that carries the report.                  This is the dress(that) she bought in Paris.   

注：1关系代词whom在从句中作宾语时，在口语中常被who或that代替；关系代词who(whom), which, that在从句中作宾语时可以省略，但作主语时则不能省略。

2关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在that之前，只能放在从句末尾；而关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前，也可以放在从句末尾。但含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开，介词仍在动词之后。例如：This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.          This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.

3关系代词that和which指物时，一般没有什么区别，但是在形容词最高级、序数词和大部分不定代词（all, everything, nothing, little等）的后面，一般用that。例如：

It was the best film (that) I ever saw.           The first thing (that) we should do is to buy some food to eat.  

That’s all (that) I know.

七、不定代词  

（一）表示人或物中的某一个、每一个、另一个、许多个等等的代词叫做不定代词。常用不定代词有: some, any, all, no, none, both, either, neither, each, every, other, another, much, many, few, little, one以及由-body,-one,-thing构成的复合代词等。

（二）不定代词的用法    不定代词大多可以代替名词短语，又可用作名词的定语，如all等；有的仅可代替名词短语，如nobody等，它们一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。一些常用不定代词用法具体如下：

 1.some“一些，某些，某个”  some可以修饰名词（可数和不可数皆可）或代替名词，常用在肯定句中作主语、宾语、定语等。例如：

Some are doctors, some are nurses.   Have you any picture books? I want some.

I want to drink some water.         There are some books on the shelf.

注：1some有时也可以用于疑问句，表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答，或者表示请求、邀请、建议等。例如：Have you some envelopes?    Would you like some sweets?

2some也可以用作副词，当状语，相当于 about。例如：There are some 2000 students in this school.

I waited some fifteen minutes.

2.any“一些，任何”  any可以修饰名词（可数和不可数皆可）或代替名词，常用在否定句或疑问句中作主语、宾语、定语等。例如：Has any of you ever been to Japan?

I tried to get her to talk about that thing but she wasn’t having any.          

There isn’t any ink in my pen.

注：1any有时也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何的”。例如：

You may come at any time; I’ll be home the whole day.      Please give me a book, any book will do.

2any也可以用作副词，当状语，表示程度。例如： Is he any better today?

3.no“无”  no通常作定语，修饰可数名词（单、复数皆可）和不可数名词。例如：

There is no need to hurry her. It’s still early.    He has no brother nor sister.   No visitors came here last week.                

注：no 有时用作副词，当状语。例如：I shall trouble you no further today.

4.all“全体，所有”all在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语或同位语。它可以代替或修饰可数名词和不可数名词。代替或修饰可数名词时，指两个以上的人或事物。例如：

All were present at the meeting.   All is going smoothly.   It’s very nice to see all of you here.

She devoted all that she had to the nursing profession.    That’s all I have.

All power in our country belong to the people.   All boys like to read detective stories.

All the people are cheering loudly.     They were all present at the meeting.   

We all agree to put off the meeting till Friday.

注：all有时也可以用作副词，当状语，表示“全，十分”，或者只是为了加强语气。例如：

Everything is all right.       It ended all too soon.

5.both“全部，都”   both指两个人或事物“都”。在句中可作主语、宾语、定语或同位语。例如：

 Both would like to go swimming.     We invited both to come to our farm.

Both films are interesting.     They are both careless.   They both like skating.

注意：both  ... and... ,..与...都...，的用法．

6.none“没有一个”  none是all的否定形式，其用法相当于名词，在句子中一般作主语或宾语。它代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式皆可。例如： None of the problems is / are easy to solve.

None of the money is mine.   I know none of them.

不定代词none有时也可以用作副词，当状语。例如：

We arrived at the station none too soon.           I am none so fond of swimming.

注：不定代词none表示“三个或三个以上都不…… ”，所以汉语的“我们（三人以上）都不去”译成英语为None of us will go.   而不能译为All of us will not go. 后者为部分否定，译为“我们并不是个个都去。”

7.either“（两者之中的）任何一个，这个或那个”   either可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如：

Either of them will agree to this arrangement.    

Here are two books. You can borrow either of them.               I believe either method will work.

注：either有时也可以用作副词，当状语，和not一起表示“也不”。例如：

I don’t like this book, and I don’t like that one, either.

注意：either.... or ...或．．．或．．．，要么．．．要么．．．的用法．

8.neither“（两个之中）一个也不是”   neither是either的否定形式，可以作主语、宾语和定语。例如：

 Neither is interesting.   I chose neither of them.   I think neither book is worth reading.   

 注：neither表示“两个都不”，所以汉语的“我俩都没去”译成英语为Neither of us went.  而不能译为Both of us did not go后者为部分否定，译为“我俩并不是都去了”。

2“肯定形式的动词+neither”= “否定形式的动词+either”。例如：

I like neither of them.= I don’t like either of them.

注意：neither ... nor...既不．．．　也不．．．，的用法．

9.each“每个，各自的”  each 强调单个的个体，在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。例如：

Each of them did his best.    The boss had a talk with each of them.

I visited her each day while she was in hospital.   She gave the children two apples each.

10.every“每个的，每一的，一切的” every强调全体，和all 的意义相近，只能作定语。例如：

Every minute is important to us.   There are hospitals in every town of China.

11.other“（两个中的）另一个，另一些，其他的”  other相当于名词或形容词，可以在句中作主语、宾语、定语等。相当于名词时，有复数形式others,还有所有格形式other’s和others’。不定代词other之前常用定冠词the。例如：He has two daughters.      One is a teacher, the other is a nurse.   

Some will go swimming, others will go shopping.   I have two pictures of the Great Wall here .

You have seen one. Now I’ll show you the other.                

There are other ways of helping him out of difficulty.

注意：any other 别的/另外一些/部分... , every  other (每隔...)  ... 的用法。

12.another“（与某一个不同的）另一个，又一个     another是由不定冠词an和other合并构成，它只能代替或修饰单数可数名词，前面不再用冠词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如：

One is blind, another is deaf, and the third is lame.    This shirt is too small for me. Please show me another.    She is a fool, and her husband is another.             Would you like another glass of milk?    

You will have to stay here for another five days.

注意：＂one another=each other＂ 也叫相互代词。

13.many“很多（可数）”  many相当于名词、数词和形容词，在句中可以作主语、宾语或定语等。例如：Many of us are from No. 1 Middle School.   How many do you want?    There are many books in our library.

14.much“很多（不可数）” much的用法和many相同，在句中可以作主语、宾语或定语。例如：

Much has been done to protect our environment.    We have learned much from the experience.  

There isn’t much water left.

注：much有时也可以用作副词，当状语。例如：I like the present very much.        I feel much better now.

15. a few“少数几个（可数）”；few“很少几个（可数）”  a few表示肯定概念，指“有一些，有几个”；few表示否定概念，指“不多，没有什么”。两者在句中都可以作主语、宾语、定语等。例如：

Few of them know Spanish. But a few of them know English.

I know few of them.    He made few mistakes in the writing test. But there are a few mistakes in his oral test.

16.a little“一些（不可数）”；little“很少（不可数）”  a little 表示肯定概念；little表示否定概念。两者的差别和a few与few的差别相似。两者在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语等。例如：

Little of her money remains. But a little can help her out of difficulty.  

He knows little about the university .But he knows a little about the city.

There is little milk in the glass. But there is still a little in the bottle.

不定代词a little和little有时可以用作副词，当状语。例如：

I feel a little cold .   I have seen him very little recently.

17.one

(1) one指不定人称时，表示人，译为“人”，“一个人”等。它有反身代词oneself和所有格形式one’s。

(2)one也可以用来代替前面出现过的可数名词，以免重复。它有复数形式ones,可以与冠词连用，可以有自己的定语。   不定代词one可以在句中作主语或宾语；one’s只能作定语。例如：

One has to do one’s best.   Please give me the book, the one on the

desk.

注意：易混淆的五对词

 

词          义	每一个	任何一个	另一个	都	都不
指两个 人或物	each	either	the other	both	neither
指两个以上的 人或物	every	any	another	all	none

 

18.复合不定代词  

 (1)由some, any, no, evey加上-body, -one, -thing构成的不定代词，叫做复合不定代词。

（2）复合不定代词有

（3）复合不定代词的用法   

 复合不定代词相当于名词，在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不能作定语。例如：Everything goes as planned.    I don’t have anything to say.         Money is not everything. 

注：1something和anything的区别与some和any的区别一样。Some系列也可以用于疑问句，any 系列也可以用于肯定句。eg. Would you like something to drink?   Why don’t you ask somebody to help you?

Is someone coming this afternoon?   He is cleverer than anyone else in his class.

2句中有否定意义的词时,常用any 系列. eg. I saw hardly anyone I knew at the meeting.  I have finished it

without anyone’s help.   I’m too busy to see anybody.  

3注意下列句中黑体词 Everybody is busy , they are working on the farm. No one agreed with you, did they?

4复合不定代词被定语所修饰时，定语须放在它们的后面。例如：

There is nothing wrong with the machine.     Is there anything interesting?

八、无人称代词   

（一） 指时间。例如：  It is eight o’clock now.      (二)  指季节。例如： It will be spring soon.   

 (三)  指天气。例如：  It is warm and sunny.        （四）指亮度。例如：It is quite dark in the room.

 (五)  指距离。例如：It is about eight miles from here to the town. 

（六）指环境状况。例如：It is always quiet here by night.

 根据: 中考复习-代词

II:中考考点分析:(contiuned)

III:综合练习:(continued)