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 一、高考短文改错不难----可以提高！

高考英语短文改错题，是命题者将中学生常犯的各种典型错误更集中、更系统地整理出来，放入一篇内容较为浅显、话题为中学生比较熟悉的文章中设计而成的。文章的句子结构难度与教材课文难度相当或略低于课文，看起来就像一篇中学生的习作。短文改错中所设置的错误定位在基础（即学英语的人应该掌握的最基础的，最常用的知识）而非一些质量低制作粗糙的练习中的“偏”、“难”、“怪”。因此短文改错只要复习训练落实到位可以在短时间内迅速提高到5-9分。

短文改错考查的是学生的写作能力中的校正意识与校正能力，即学生能否根据所掌握的基础语言知识（基本语法知识、习惯短语、固定搭配及常见介词连词用法）和语篇整体意识（短文篇章整体意思的连贯、一致）识别、改正语篇中的语法错误、词汇错误及篇章逻辑错误。

尽管高考短文改错定位于考查基础，但在每年高考中考生的得分率并不高。究其原因主要有下面几个：

1）   平时训练的少或使用的训练材料偏难（不对高考路子）因而总做不好从而对短文改错产生畏惧、厌烦情绪，，陷入恶性循环：越做不好就越不想做；越不想做、不认真总结规律就越做不好越害怕、厌烦。

2）   没有对高考真题以及做过的题进行认真研究归纳，不知道高考短文改错考哪些考点和命题规律。

3）   对于高考短文改错必考或常考的基础语言知识缺乏有针对性的补救，因此导致知识的“死角”和能力的“石化”----即这次练习不会的下次还不会

 

二、研究高考短文改错的考点与命题规律-----下点工夫！

高考短文改错的短文共设置9个错误，分为多词、少词、错词。最近10年以来的一般规律是多词/少词错误为3个，错词错误为6个。下面对三类错误所涉及的考点进行详细的介绍，希望同学们对自己没过关的基础知识点进行认真补救落实。

（一）多词类错误

   多词类错误所涉及的多余的词一般为虚词或功能词即：冠词、连词、介词、助动词be/have 不定式符号to,多代词it/them等。

 

 

1．背熟不能使用冠词的情况(多冠词)

 

A     A.不用冠词的一般规律（记全、记熟）

（1）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。

China , America, Smith   Air is matter.

（2）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。

This dictionary is mine.

（3）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。

March, May Day, National Day, Teacher’s Day,Children’s Day, Women’s Day

Have you had supper?

Spring is the best season of the year.

（4）称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。

What’s this, Father?    We made him our chairman.

Ask nurse to put the child to bed.    Professor Li.

（5）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。

Do you study physics?

He likes playing football/chess.

（6）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。

They are peasants/ workers.

（7）在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。

by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land

但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。

 

A．某些固定词组中不用冠词（这需要平时尽量多归纳、积累）

①名词词组中：

husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork

②介词词组或短语动词中：

to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from)  town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane),  on foot  go to school　　上学

at home在家/on time　准时 / at last终于/in fact 事实上/on holiday在度假

on duty值日/at times有时候/after class课后/at night在夜间/by bus乘公交车/by sea乘船，

with pleasure 乐意地/with anger 生气地/with kindness 亲切地/ go to bed/上床睡觉

in time　按时/at first起初/lose heart 灰心/at work　在工作/on show 在展出

in trouble 处于困境/on fire 着火/stay at home 呆在家里/with joy 高兴地

with difficulty 吃力地  put sth. into use把。。投入使用

注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。

 

（9）as引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。

Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.

（10）系动词turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。

The young girl has turned writer.

= The young girl has become a writer.

（11）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个”）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。

She did experiment after experiment.

类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake

（12）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。

①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。

Oh, it’s most beautiful.

②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。

She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.

③当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。

The market in the country is busiest in winter.

④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。

A wolf in a sheep’s  skin is our most dangerous enemy.

⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意，但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。

…why you took a second arrow

注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。

He is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths.

（13）no与such连用时应放在such之前，such后面的名词不用冠词。

No such thing has ever happened in this village.

2．多连词

     

 

 要判断是否多连词必须理解熟记下列句子结构的基础知识

  1）构成句子的必要条件:每个句子必须有主语（祈使句除外）和谓语动词

  2）熟悉谓语动词的形式 ，能够识别句子中的谓语动词

  3）能够区分并列连词和从属连词

      连词主要可分成三类：

A．并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）

并列连词用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的词、词组、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：

1）表示转折意思 but , yet , while

2）表示因果关系 for , so ,

3）表示并列关系 and ,  , not only…but /also , both…and… ,  

4）表选择关系的连词  or；either...or…;neither…nor…

B．从属连词（Subordinating Conjunctions）

从属连词是用来引起从句的，它在主句和从句中间起连接作用。具体地说，从属连词主要引起名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状语从句，不会引起定语从句。

1)引起名词从句的连词： that , whether , if

                       What/which    who/whom/whose

                       When,where,why,how

2)引起状语从句的连词

a)时间状语从句： when (whenever) , as , while, before , after, until/ till,not…until/till, since, ever since, once, as soon as, every(last,next,by the) time…, the moment( instantly, directly)

b)地点状语从句： where (wherever)

c)原因状语从句： as, because, since, seeing(that) , considering (that) , now that , not that…but that

d)目的状语从句： that , so that , in order that ,  for fear that , in case

e)结果状语从句： that , so … that , such … that

f)条件状语从句： if , unless ,so/as long as,  on condition(that )

g)让步状语从句： though /although ,  even if (though)

                however+adj/adv=no matter how…      whoever=no matter who…

                whatever=no matter what              whichever=no matter which

                whomever=no matter whom           whenever=no matter when...

                wherever=no matter where…           no matter whether

h)比较状语从句： than ,   as…as…   ;倍数词＋as+adj/adv+as

i)方式状语从句： as , as if (though)

          C.引导定语从句的连接词

　关系代词：which ;that ;as

            Who; whom; whose 

　关系副词：when; where; why

  4.如果句子中只有一个谓语动词，则不需要连词；如果句子中有两个谓语动词则只需要一个连词。

 试刀：

    1．If you think too much about the negative results, and then you will lose heart.

    2.I don’t understand that why you have so much faith in them.

    3.Although I am a little behind you in studies, but I won’t fear anything.

    4.Because you always do things without plan, so you often don’t realize you have forgotten what have remembered until that happens.

    5.Most students feel it is hard to remember words. Because they don’t get into the habits of going over them regularly.

    6.I have a good friend. He who likes playing basketball very much.

    7.I decide to take some medicine with myself in case that I may get sick.

    8.The question is that whether we can get enough money in such a short time.

 

 

3．多介词

 

 

  1.不及物动词后没有接宾语，但不及物动词后加了介词。要识别这类错误必须能区分及物动词和不及物动词，并熟记常见的不及物动词以及与其搭配的介词。

  2.双宾语动词：1）双宾语动词+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物）

                2）双宾语动词+直接宾语（指物）+介词+间接宾语（指人）

         send sb. sth=send sth. to sb.         buy sb. sth.=buy sth.for sb.

         give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb.         introduce sb. sth.=introduce sth. to sb.

         provide sb. sth.=provide sth. for sb.  

  3副词前误加介词（副词前的介词一般应省略）

  4.this,that,last,next修饰的时间名词前不需要介词。

     I’m sure they will be back in next week. 

     We were worried about you had an accident.

     The boys who are talking about are going to join in a speech contest.

     Her strength made me stronger and gave to me courage to face difficulty.

 

   

4．多be

 

 

  误用被动语态而多BE：1)不及物动词、表示感觉的联系动词（taste,smell,feel,sound,look+adj）不能用于被动语态.

 The accident was happened last week and caused many deaths.

 Great changes have been taken placed in my hometown .

 His father was died of a heart disease.

 She decided to see the doctor she had been known for many years.

 The man had been died before he was sent to hospital.

 

               2)有些动词既可作及物动词（表动作），也可作不及物动词（表状态）；因此当它们表状态时就不能用于被动语态。

 The city has been changed greatly in the past 15 years.

 A map of the world is hung on the wall of our classroom.

 

5.多have/had

 

 

这种错误主要因为对现在完成时与一般过去时的区别、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别没有理解导致，在该用一般过去时的情况下误用现在完成时或过去完成时而多has(have)或had。

The native Americans have arrived in the new land around 30,000 years ago.

I went to the bookstore and had bought some books on basketball.

She already traveled to a few European countries.

I had had the first good sleep in two months last night.

 

5.多代词（it/them）

               

 

这种错误主要出现在定语从句中：当定语从句的引导词为关系代词并且在定语从句中作宾语，则动词后的代词it/them必须去掉避免重复。

He likes the gift you sent it to him on his birthday.

She decided to go to the doctor she had known her for many years.

This is the shop I visited it last week and bought the gift for you.

Are you talking about the the same boys as I mentioned them this morning?

What do you think of the book I bought it for you.

I’m sure that you will find one you like it.