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我的学习总结(2007-02-08 21:26:37)
garbage  n.[u]食物下脚;(美)垃圾,废料
refuse  n.[u]\rubbish  n.[u]垃圾,废料
junk  n.[u]废物,被扔掉的东西
inflation  n. 通货膨胀 [u]
    eg:Chile has reduced its inflation in the past year from a hundred percent to fifty.
expansion  n.[u,c]扩大,扩充;扩张,膨胀
acquaintance  n. [u]认识,了解;[c]熟人
familiarity  n. [u]熟悉,了解;亲切,亲热
    注:acquaintance 用于人时,指某人与他人一般性接触或认识,交往不深
        familiarity 用于人时,指交往很深,彼此间无拘无束
    have a nodding acquaintance with sb.\sth. 结识某人,与某人相见;
make sb’s acquaintance\make the acquaintance of sb. 结识某人,与某人相见;
a speaking acquaintance 泛泛之交
    (have) a wide acquaintance 结交很广;
acquaintance with sth.\sb. 对某事物/人(常为略微的)了解
on (further) acquaintance 认识了一段(较长)时间以后
familiarity to\towards sb. 亲密而不拘礼仪
global  adj. 全球的,全世界的;总的,完整的
a global war; global travel; global changes
rage  n. 狂怒,盛怒
be beside oneself with rage
mad with rage
go\fly into a rage
anger  n.[u]怒,愤怒 (无 go\fly into [an] anger 的说法)
scandal  n.[c]反感,愤慨;[c]丑事,丑闻;[u]流言蜚语
eg:They kept the matter seceret in order to avoid a scandal.
gossip  n.[u]流言蜚语;说闲话
chat  n.[c]闲谈,聊天
controversy (on\about\over) n.(尤指文字形式上的就重大社会、道德、政治问题所进行的)争论,辩论
eg:engage in [a] controversy with\against sb. on\about sth.
   a question that has given rise to much controversy;
   facts that are beyond controversy;
   They had\There was a bitter controversy over the question of self government.
   The point in controversy is whether…
struggle (for\against)  n.斗争,奋斗
discussion (of\about\on\over sth.)  n. 讨论,谈论
difference (of\in sth.\between\with sb.) n. (意见)分歧;差别,差异;差额
argument  n. “辩论”;常以事实或理由说服对方
debate  n. 指不同的人对同一事物的不同观点的讨论
dispute  n. 指双方相互驳斥
in dispute 问题在争论中,尚未解决
riot  n.[c]骚乱,暴动;暴乱;闹事
run riot 骚动起来;put down\quell the riot 平息骚乱
commotion  n.[c,u]嘈杂混乱;骚动不安;骚扰,暴乱
panic  n.[c,u](指群众性的)惊慌、恐慌、慌乱
panic stations 惶惶不安
fight  n.[c]斗争,打架,战斗
violence  n.[u]暴力(行为),强暴
chaos  n.[u]混乱,紊乱
cue  n.提示;暗示,信号
take one’s cue from sb. 学……的样;听……的劝告
follow sb’s cue 按某人的指点行事
on cue 恰在这个时候
instructions  n.(pl.) 命令,提示,用法说明
clue (to)  n.[c]线索,暗示
decrease  n. 减少,减小[u.c]
reduction  n.[c,u] 减小,变小;缩减,降低
decline  v. 下降,减少;谢绝,婉辞
decline sb’s invitation\an offer with thanks
decline to-v
lessen  vt. 减少,减轻;缩小
lessen production costs\tensions\the difference
boom n.(通常作单数)迅速发展;(买卖等的)兴隆,(经济等的)迅速繁荣;(雷声、炮声等的)隆隆声
eg:After the depression,there was a business boom.
   It was a boom year for the gold mining companies.
   The boom of explosion could be heard for miles.
prosperity  n.[u]兴旺,繁荣
prevail (over\against) vi.获胜,占优势
prevail against\over sb. 战胜某人
prevail on\upon\with sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事(语气比persuade 重)
the prevailing fashion 流行时装
win ⑴vi.①胜,赢、获胜;得胜
         ②(经过努力)成功;成为;达到; win through all difficulties 克服种种困难取得成功
⑵vt.①[+宾+of\from+间宾+直宾;+直宾+for]赢得,获得,博得
     ②打赢、打胜
     ③[+O.+to-v\+O.+over]争取,说服
earn  vt. 博得,应得,获得
charter  vt. 包租(飞机、车、船等)
lease  vt. 租得(一般指房屋或土地)
curriculum  n. 课程,(学校的)全部课程
course  n.(一门)课程,教程
integrate (into\with)  vt. (使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起
eg:I integrated your suggestion with my plan.
   He tried to integrate all their activities into one programme.
merge  v. (指两个单位)(使)结合,(使)合为一体
句型:A merges with B; A and B merge into one; merge A into B
consolidate  vt. 把……联合为一体,合并
句型:A and B consolidate; consolidate A and B into one
edit  vt. 编辑,校订;剪辑;主编
edit sth. out (of sth.) 在编辑过程中删除(书、手稿等中的不必要的词语等)
eg:I am editing a volume of Fairy Tales for children.
   The news has been edited to bolster morale.
   They must have edited bits of the interview out. 他们一定是把这次采访的一部分删掉了
delete  vt. 删除(注意后面不跟out)
omit  vt. 省略,删节;遗漏,疏忽(注意后面不跟out)
exclude  vt. 把……排除在外;排斥(注意后面不跟out)
priority (over)  n. 优先权;重点;优先考虑的事
⑴[u]priority (over sb.\sth.)
 ①居要位,居领导地位
   eg:Japan’s priority (over other countries) in the field of microeletronics.
      日本在微电子学领域中的领先(于其他国家)
 ②优先权 eg:I have priority over you in my claim. 在要求此事方面,我比你有优先权
 ③(车辆的)优先通行权 eg:Vehicles coming from the right have priority.
从右边驶来的车辆享有优先通行权
⑵①[c](被视为)优先的事物 eg:You must decide what your priority are.你应该分清轻重缓急
  ②[u]priority (over sth.)(工作的)重点;应优先解决的问题
    eg:The government gave (top) priority to reforming the legal system.
政府将改革法制列为工作重点
⑶get one’s priorities right,wrong,etc. 能(不能)按轻重缓急行事
  eg:Your trouble is you’ve got your priorities back to front! 你因为本末倒置才出了麻烦!
superiority (to\over) n. 优越(性),优等;[u] superiority(in sth.);superiority (to\over sth.\sb.)优秀,优良,优越,优胜;
     the superiority of one thing to another 一事物之优于另一事物
     her superiority in talent 她才能之出众
urgency  n.[u]紧急,紧迫,迫切
emergency  n.[c]紧急情况,不测事件,非常时刻
insult  vt. 侮辱,辱骂
abuse  vt. 辱骂;滥用(权力)
tutor  n. 家庭教师,私人教师
teacher  n. 教师
coach  n. 教练,辅导教师
instructor  n. 教师,训练者
elderly  adj. 较老的,年长的;老式的,过时的
    the elderly 上了年纪的人
elder  adj. (兄弟姐妹当中)年龄较大的,年长的
old  adj. (年龄)老的
older  adj. (comparative) 较老的;较旧的
replacement (for\of) n.[c]替代的人或物;[u]替代,替换
    eg:I must find a replacement for my secretary.
       The replacement of this rare vase will take some time.
agent  n. 代理人,代理商
complement  n. 补充,互为补充的东西 指把原来缺的东西补齐
replenishment  n. 补充,添加 指补充被消耗掉的部分
testify  vt. 作证,证明;表明,说明
    句型:testify to sb. 向某人作证;testify to sth. 证明某一点;
          testify that… 作证说;testify against\in favour of sb. 作不利于/有利于……的证明
certify  vt. 证明,证实(……的正确无误)
    句型:certify sth.\that…
slap  vt.\n. (好意地或恶意地)拍、掴、掌击;(啪的一声用力)放
    eg:The baby slapped his sister when she tried to kiss him.
       He slapped me on the back and congratulated me on my promotion.
       He slapped the book down on the table.
       a slap in the face 打一记耳光;slap sb. on the cheek 打某人的耳光;
       a slap on the back 祝贺;across (in) the face 打某人的耳光;
box  vt. 拳击;打(人)耳光 (习惯上说box sb’s ears,不说box sb. on the face\on his ears)
pat  vt.轻拍,轻打(以示鼓励或安慰)
    pat sb. on the back
tap  v. 轻叩,轻拍
jury  n. (竞赛或展览会的)评判委员会;(法庭的)陪审团
    eg:The jury found the prisoner not guilty;
       the jury of public opinion
committee  n. 委员会
bunch  vi. 集中,挤在一起;vt. 使成一束
    eg:We bunched around the fire for warmth.
accumulate  vt.\vi. 积累,累积,积存
collect  vt. 收集,聚集
assemble  vt.\vi. 集合,聚集(后面应跟地点状语)
restraint  n.[u]抑制,克制,限制
    show\exercise restraint; be placed under restraint
    (a) ban on 禁止,禁令;put a ban on sth.; there is a ban on sth.; life the ban against sth.
limit  n.[c]限度,限制(to);(pl.)范围
restriction  n.[u]限制(相当于动名词,如:restriction of sth. 限制……;[c]限制性规定(on),如:place restrictions on sth.)
quality  n. ①[u,c]质,质量;品质;美质②[c]特性,特质;品质;品性③品种④[u]身分,地位
charm  n. [u]迷人或吸引人的力量;魅力;[c]吸引人的特点或性质;妩媚
civilian  n. (与军人相对的)平民,百姓
citizen  n. 公民,市民,居民
populace  n. 平民,大众
alert (to\for) adj 警觉的,警惕的;留神的,注意的
    to be alert to any possible error; be alert in answering question;
    be alert tor any sign of change in the critically ill patient
watchful (for\of) adj. 注意;注意寻找;提防
careful (of\about\in) adj. 小心的,仔细的
cautious (of)  adj. (由于恐怕出错而)十分小心的,谨慎的
disgust  vt. 使厌恶
    句型:sth. disgusts sb.; sb. is disgusted at\with\by sth.; be disgusted that…
bore  vt. 使厌恶,使厌倦
    句型:sth. bores sb.; sb. is bored with sth.\that…
rage  vi. 暴怒,大怒
annoy  vt. 使恼怒,使生气;打扰,干扰;vi. 招人讨厌,惹人烦恼
    annoy sb. by doing sth. 因做某事使某人生气
    be annoyed at sth. 对……很生气
    be annoyed with 被……惹恼
    be annoyed to do sth. 做……感到生气
irritate  vt. 使恼怒,使烦躁
gear up (for) (使)准备好,为……作好安排
    eg:The university is gearing up for an increased intake of students.
       The steel industry was geared up to the need of the war.
prepare  v. 准备,预备
    prepare for (对)  prepare up for (错)
make  vt.  做……
    make preparations for 做准备;make for 朝……走去;有助于造成,对……有好处
work up for (以it 作主语,描述天气) 逐渐形成,酝酿(风暴)
sketch  n. 草图,略图,梗概,大意
draft  n. 草稿,草案,草图
chat  vi.\n. 闲谈,聊天
    eg:They were chatting away about old times.
       dropped in for a chat last night
    句型:chat away; chat to\with sb. about sth. 聊天,闲谈
          chat sb. up 和某人亲切地或轻佻地交谈(以获取信任)
talk  vi. 讲话,交谈;谈论
    注:talk 要比 chat 稍正式点;chat 是闲聊的意思
scramble (with sb. for sth.) v. 争夺,争抢
    eg:Many countries were scrambling for control of the territory.
dispute  v. 争论,争议;与……争吵
    dispute with sb. about sth.\on some issue
pregnant (with) adj. 怀孕的,妊娠的
    eg:His works were followed by a pregnant(意味深长的) pause.
       Is she pregnant? a situation pregnant with the greatest danger.
conceive  vt. 怀(孕)(后需跟宾语)
gear (to)  vt. 使适合,使适应  gear…to\towards 使……适合于
adapt (to) v. (使)适应,(使)适合
cover  vt.  (内容)包括,涉及
touch  vt. 涉及,论及   tuch on\upon 谈及,提及
deal (with) vi. 论述,涉及
reservation  n.[c][u]保留(意见)
    句型:with\without reservation
          with reservations\one reservation
reserve  n.[u]保留   with\without reserve
    eg:We approved the plan without a single reservation.
       We accepted his story with some reservation[s].
       She had some reservations about her new job.
fend for oneself 自己照料自己,自己想办法维持生活
    没有 fend for sb. 的说法
sacrifice oneself for 为……做出自我牺牲
sheer (away\off)  vi. 急转的,突然偏离(原来的路线)
deviate (from)  vi. 背离,偏离(一般不说deviate away,因为deviate 本身就含有away的意思)
pose  vi.⑴pose for sb. 摆好姿势(以便画像或拍照)
         ⑵装腔作势(贬)
         ⑶pose as sb.\sth. 自称或装成某人/事物
         ⑷引起(某事物);造成;提出(问题)
pretend  vi. 假装,装着(不接as)
    句型:pretend sleep\to be sleeping\that he was sleeping
alert (to) vt. 警告,使警惕
    eg:We must alert the nation to the need to solve these problems.
warn (of\against) vt. 警告,告诫
    句型:warn sb. of\against danger\that there is danger; warn sb. not to-v
advise  vt. 劝告,建议
    句型:advise sb. on sth.\to-v\advise sb do sth.
remind  vt. 提醒,使想起
    句型:remind sb. of sth.\to-v; remind sb. that…
recruit (into\for)  vt. 招募(新兵);招收(新成员)
enrol  vt. 招收(新会员、新生)(后面不跟状语)
absord  vt. 吸收(水分、营养、空气、阳光、热量等);吸取(知识、观点等)
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