Section 4 ---- Writing
　　Exploration is not the reach for the furthest distance of the world, but the furthest distance within ourselves.
　　volume of the plastic container is 2M3
　　flow chart中重点描述动作，把不懂的名词用动词表现出来
　　pencilIELTS answer sheet250 words4 paragraphs60 words/paragraph4~5 sentences/paragraph10~13 words/line27 lines句子间空格，段落间空行
　　开头段落结构：一般具体：从大分类入手，具体到题目内容
　　 具体一般：从具体题目内容入手，再到大分类
　　词源分析法（etymological analysis）:
　　musemusicmuseumamuseamusement
　　[Sample] Museum is the establishment of modern civilization of mankind. The initial/original purpose of museum can be understood/explained/interpreted by the etymological analysis of the word “museum”……
　　at the beginning=at the primitive stage/period
　　stands for=means=equals to
　　the function of …. is served as….
　　一些与历史有关的例子：Herodotosfather of history
　　 Edward GibbonThe Fall of Rome（相当于资治通鉴）
　　 Jesus Christ耶稣
　　 Arnold ToynbeeA Study of History
　　like….(a distinguished/famous/eminent)…person’s immortal classic/masterpiece/piece of work...providing (information)…
　　immortal classic不朽的经典
　　function-oriented age实用主义年代
　　【观点对比句】….while the controversy arises since the existence of opposing notion that many people holds: …..
　　people tend to amass possessions
　　“转变”的几个不同说法：
　　1、科学的进步改变了社会几乎每一个方面
　　 The progress and prosperity of science transform almost every aspect of the society.
　　2、关键是由强调财富的生活态度转变为强调健康的生活态度
　　 The key is to convert the attitude of life from a fortune-oriented/wealth-conscious (-centered) attitude to a health-oriented one.
　　3、小强成功地转变了我的看法
　　 Johnny successfully converted my opinion.
　　4、历史总是不断地改变
　　 The vicissitude of history is constant.
　　change=shift=conversion; convert=transform
　　pose a heavy influence on…
　　The shift from a (观点1) philosophy of life to a (观点2) one is the best way to solve the (问题)
　　If I can convert my love for you into dollars, I will be richer than Bill Gates.
　　be immune to/from=avoid
　　Life is marked by vicissitude.
　　The vicissitude of season is constant.
　　History is known for its eternal vicissitude.
　　The best part of life is to have you by my side to witness the vicissitude of the world till the end of time.
　　The worst part of life is waiting, but the best part of life is having someone worthy of waiting for.
　　rich peopleat the very top of the income ladderplutocrat有钱有势的人
　　写长句技巧：中文动词—英文动词—派生名词介词+从句；竹竿句+树枝句；并列句
　　Art is a lie that tells us the truth. 【Picasso】
　　【观点】Art is in possession of the magic power to help us to understand better our life
　　 and our world.
　　 【证明】Just as Picasso, the great Spanish artist, said, art is a lie that tells us the truth.
　　 【举例】Like Nobel Prize Laureate Beckett’s drama Waiting for Godot, the two actors played an unrealistic act, leading us to the question the existence of purpose of life.
　　Like the movie Forrest Gump with a great popularity in the world, the movie reveals a truth/nature/essence about life, though the movie is in itself a fiction.
　　truth—fake, false, fiction
　　the upper part of the iceberg above the ocean冰山一角
　　【例证之后总结观点】This example, like a tip of the huge iceberg under the ocean, indicates a widespread/common/self-evident fact that….
　　【文章结构】观点对立型：引入话题正方观点反方观点我的观点
　　【文章结构】原因方法型：引入话题原因1原因2解决方法
　　【引入话题段】（一般具体）：按分类决定首句按分类决定延续句（symbol）引入题目两方观点表述/原因或解决方法的难度描述
　　desire, need=crave for, craving
　　breeze/wind前者有感情色彩
　　feasible(可行的) // available and accessible // effective and efficient + method/measure/solution
　　Wise men never marry, when they marry, they become otherwise. 【Garfield】
　　【反方观点开头】Some people think otherwise, they argue that…//Different voices say that…
　　There was a time when the world asked ordinary people to do extraordinary things. 【Band of Brothers】
　　….seem to possess the magic power to….
　　【观点论证段落结构】论据型：观点论据论据套入主题总结
　　【观点论证段落结构】例证型：观点例子1例子2总结
　　turn one’s thumbs up/down on… 赞成/反对，认为……好/不好
　　advanced and sophisticated technology
　　traffic problem is the biggest headache of a city
　　derive from来源于=stem from bestow给予
　　【有关女性统治社会是否比男性好的话题提纲】：
　　开始：all men are created equal
　　观点：男人主导的弊：1、暴力；2、战争；3、犯罪
　　 女人主导的好：1、爱心；2、沟通（Mother Teresa, Prince Diana）
　　我的看法：赞成，但不可行(Utopia)
　　read between the lines in one’s mind=understand sb.
　　the rate of crime is skyrocket high in man-dominated society
　　xx is a foreign word in/to… 没有xx这样东西
　　it lacks the freshness to run the headline 常见、缺乏新鲜感
　　a place without peace=a place where peace is absent/a foreign word
　　the master key which opens the gate to…=lead to
　　【媒体广告话题】：
　　key words: media, television, internet, radio, magazine, book
　　论据：
　　词源分析法：”Med” stands for middle, the function of media is in the middle between audiences and information.
　　Medium is information. 【Mcluhan】[Canadian Sociologist]
　　Citizens in an open society should have the right to know.
　　【Upgraded】In an open society based on the belief on democracy, citizens are endowed with an unalienable right to know.(政府话题中可换成to supervise the action of government)
　　小孩没有判断力parental guided
　　在google中搜索”quotation media”
　　arouse a lot of attention = catch a lot of eyeballs = under heated debate
　　it is a taboo for….to do…禁忌
　　image—scenes
　　brutal—cruel, ruthless, relentless + violence
　　【媒体、教育、犯罪】the fall/decline/ebb/wane for social moral
　　【教育话题】For too long, publishers have ascribed the fall of social moral to the decline of current education system. Therefore, controversy on what to teach and how to teach is always heated debated by sociologist and educationist.
　　….seems to be a new evidence to support the negative effect media pose on society
　　negative = -phobic money-phobic
　　The ground … is based on a common sense in a democratic society.
　　precedent example先例
　　be contagious to = spread to = extend to = influence
　　block = hinder = become the barrier of
　　exposure of sth. to sb. = let sb. know
　　【教育话题】Exposure of moral value to students is an prerequisite/essential element/indispensable to a successful education.
　　【政府话题】Exposure of statistics/information of how government is spending money is prerequisite for formation of democracy.
　　This ability of judgment to distinguish between right and wrong is foreign to/absent for children.
　　Advertising is only evil when it advertises evil things. 【David Ogilvy】
　　consumer insight消费者洞察
　　capability to make sound judgment消费者的判断力小孩没有判断力
　　mate/marriage/coordination/combination of… 。。。的结合
　　the deception of advertisement existadvertisement purposefully deceive consumers
　　Many people believe that advertisement is in possession of magic power to persuade people to purchase goods that they actually don’t need.
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【环境保护话题】：
　　核心：如何保护环境
　　了解关于雪灾的一些描述
　　现状：global warming, deforestation, green house effect
　　【教育话题】Failure helps to shape my soul, and let the glory out. 【Al Gore】
　　the goddess of history = history
　　xxx is a mirror reflecting/indicating…
　　This example is just a tip of the iceberg in the ocean, reflecting a phenomenon that….
　　xxx is the Achilles’ Heel(致命的弱点) that hinders the development of human society
　　Carbon dioxide emission from transportation is one of the very top attractions of people’s concern.
　　【论据】influence of human activities
　　indiscriminating无差别的(widespread)
　　spur—lead to—is the master key that open the gate to—unlocking the Pandora’s Box of….(不好的东西)
　　【环境保护方法】：
　　[全人类合作]global collaboration
　　Heal the world, making it a better place for you, for me and for the entire human race. 【Michael Jackson】
　　every individual has shared/diffused responsibilities…
　　United we stand, divided we fall. 【J.F.Kennedy】
　　【Upgraded】United we can stand against the threat of ecosystem, divided we fall to deal with the formidable challenge.
　　None Governmental OrganizationGreen Peace
　　[政府立法]legislation by government
　　【政府、环境话题】Government should set up strict and relevant laws, regulations, and policies to secure the (sustainable development of mankind). Punishment, in financial form or other feasible means, should be employed as a warning to the people and institutes who commit (environment threatening/damaging behaviors)
　　【媒体、环境话题】Medium is information. 【Al Gore】
　　An Inconvenient Truth 【Al Gore】
　　People are always insensitive to gradual change, like the famous frog experiment.
　　The preservation of environment can find support from giant companies.
　　The preservation of ECOsystem can find support from ECOnomic giants like GE, Microsoft and DuPont.
　　The preservation of ECOsystem can find support from CEOs: ask for/seek for financial assistance from…
　　【全球变暖论据】(Global warming), which causes deserts to expand, rivers to dry up, droughts to intensify and melting of the polar ice caps which may lead to the intrusion of salt water into fresh water supplies.
　　【水资源论据】While most wealthy country will cope with falling water supplies due to sufficient water management, poorer countries will suffer on a huge scale, making it even harder for them to escape poverty.
　　【水资源论据】Increase investment in water supply sanitation and water resources to ensure that the basic needs of poorer communities are met before the luxury needs of the wealthy.
　　Absence of recognition of the seriousness of the growing pollution will lead to a huge error.
　　【能源话题】On a condition urgently calling for energy, the nuclear station without pollution and in possession of a low cost advantage can provide a large amount of energy, but since many people are of high concern on the safety of nuclear energy, so they are negative for the use of nuclear station.
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【政府话题】：
　　key words: government, individuals, cost, money, expense
　　a criterion for evaluating… 衡量…的标准
　　efficiency and effectiveness & lucrative and profitable
　　The welfare of the people is the ultimate law. 【Cicero】[Greek philosopher and politician]
　　【万能首句】Like it or not, there are certain issues in human society, such as (the role of government, scientific research, education….) that attracts a disproportion amount of public attention.
　　【万能尾句】Based on the above analysis, (it seems that) there exist only a foggy hope to reach a unanimous agreement between both sides (is difficult to achieve). But I prone to ….
　　I didn’t have the foggiest impression on him.
　　History is known for its constant vicissitude, but some issues, like the role of government, are of eternal value for discussion.
　　【万能首段尾句】To move from an abstract debate to a more concrete area, (like the one ….), the question may be simplified to a conclusion: ….
　　【政府话题的两个主要论据】night-watchman & efficiency and effectiveness
　　mass可以代表百姓 subsidies补贴
　　【个人看法句】For me, I am pretty adamant that…
　　learn from what was inscribed on the wall of Mother Teresa’s Children Home in Calcutta: do it any way.
　　Government in possession of the power to allocate the tax of the citizens should learn to spend the money wisely.
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【金钱与幸福话题】
　　key word: life, satisfaction
　　I’m happy to present here at the present moment to give a presentation, it’s the best present for me.
　　So what is important is not happiness but whether unhappiness can be eradicated. 【Krisknamunchi】[Indian Guru]
　　You are what you meet.
　　幸福的核心：不要与别人比reference group
　　If you do the job you love, then you don’t have to work a day in your life. 【Sage Confucius】
　　You’ve got to find what you love. 【Steve Jobs】
　　If you expect nothing but simply the best, you very often can get it. 【Maugham】
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【全球化话题】
　　cuisine, chef, restaurant, menuFrench words
　　useful words: globalization, preservation, melting pot熔炉, culture shock, global village, Butterfly effect, migrant (immigrant/emigrantimport/export), outsourcing外包, global vision with local sense, extinction
　　melting potAmerica is a melting pot
　　outsourcingThe outsourcing of multinationals like IBM, Nike contributes to the developing countries by providing job opportunities, and in return, benefit from the developed countries by lowering the cost of products.
　　global vision with local senseUnder the era of global village, people should cultivate a global vision with local sense, that is to preserve conventional culture, simultaneously, meet the trend of global economy.
　　extinctionThere exists a danger of extinction of traditional culture under the threat of globalization.
　　Business Globalization: Coke, McDonald, Starbucks
　　Multi-culture is like melting pot, which is not to be afraid, but American Beauty.
　　【论据】As the followers of social Darwinism embrace, the globalization is exactly a social version of the evolution of the nature: Only the fittest survive.
　　【inevitability of globalization论据】It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the law of gravity. 【Kofi Annan】[former chief secretary of UN]
　　【论据】We may have different religions, language, colored skin, but we all belonged to one human race. 【Kofi Annan】
　　【论据】The beauty of colors stems from the presence of the whole spectrum of visible light. 【Beyond】
　　spectrum = scope = rangespectrum of knowledge
　　make a giant leap = make a great progress
　　formidable = big
　　时代：age, time, era, epoch
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【法律道德话题】
　　useful words: justice, judge, law school, Libra天平, sue, court, verdict裁决[n.], lawsuit案件, guilty, innocent, evil, Satan, temptation诱惑, expulsion from Eden, moral decline, self-discipline自律, penal code刑法, desperate, discordance不协调, conflict
　　expulsion from EdenPrison is the punishment of expulsion of the guilty from the society, just like Adam and Eve’s expulsion from Eden.
　　【犯罪原因】fear, nature, fortune, power
　　nature of human: sin
　　money: Bible said, money is the root of all evil.
　　power: Power tends to corrupt, absolute power corrupts absolutely. 【Sir Acton】
　　fear: lack of education and love
　　humanhum泥土inhume/exhume 入土/出土
　　Prison may be not the most ideal way, but it indeed is the most efficient way.
　　【惩罚方式】prison, social service, financial punishment
　　Money makes the mare go. 有钱使得鬼推磨。
　　【判断刑法应否执行】Severe punishment is based on an economic perspective to let the cost of committing outweigh the profit.
　　the inquiry into the nature and causes of….
　　layman and men of letter alike 普通的和有文化的人
　　History is nothing more than a table of crime and misfortune. 【Voltaire】[French socialist]
　　Crime and Punishment 【Dostoevsky】[Russian Author]
　　transgress = violate transgress/violate/break the law
　　probe into研究、探索
　　犯罪为什么会犯罪四原因
　　犯罪话题——金钱： Outlaws are those trying to convert the risky law-breaking behavior into notes.
　　Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. 【Sir Acton】
　　
　　
　　
　　
　　【教育话题】what to teach & how to teach?
　　key words: parents, children, teach, education, study
　　If we can go to a more concrete level, avoiding the metaphysics contemplation of the essence of education, just like what we’re going to discuss today.
　　Renaissance man博学之人 Leonardo Da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin
　　Knowledge is not memorization, but organization; knowledge is not data, but the structure that relate data. 【Suslick】[Chemistry Professor]
　　【教育目的】 During an age of function worship, it’s not surprising that students tend to convert education into currency.
　　【教育目的】The purpose of education is to allow the student’s discovery of the furthest reach of the world and also the discovery of the furthest reach within himself or herself.