[分析] 本题中逗号前后两部分之间没有任何连词连接,因此后面部分是分词结构作状语。由于状语的逻辑主语(即主句主语Anna)和分词动词构成被动关系,即be lost to the world “全神贯注于某事而不注意周围的事物”,因此这里应该使用过去分词作状语,[D]项lost正确。[B]项和[C]项都是分词的主动式,不符合语法。过去分词的进行式表示“正在被……”,而短语be lost to表示状态,表状态的be动词没有进行式,因此[A]项也是错误的。
[句意] 安娜正在读科幻小说,对外界全然不知。
[补充] 1)分词作状语
(1)分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。如:Not having enough hands(=As we don’t have enough hands), we turned to them for help.(我们没有足够的人手,所以向他们求助。) Taught by mistakes and setbacks(=As we are taught by mistakes and setbacks), we have become wiser and handled our affairs better.(我们从错误和挫折中吸取教训,因此已经变得更聪明,能更好地处理事情。)
(2)作状语的现在分词和过去分词主要区别在于:
a)现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”。不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成,如:risen sun(升起的太阳)。
b)使用何种分词,取决于分词与句子主语(即分词的逻辑主语)的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。如:Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.(应用单词词根和构成的相关知识,你就可以猜出一个新单词的意思。)He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother’s illness.(他看起来疲惫而沮丧,显然因为得知他母亲的病情而不安。)
(3)分词的完成式(即having done, having been done),表示分词动作在主句谓语动词动作之前发生。如:Having written an important letter, I listened to the music for a while.(写完一封重要的信,我听了一会儿音乐。)Having been written in haste, the book is far from being perfect.(由于仓促写成,那本书远非完美无缺。)
注意:虽然过去分词与现在分词被动式(being done)都有被动意义,但是过去分词强调动作已经完成,而现在分词被动式既有被动又有进行的意味。如:Heated, the metal expands. (加热后,这种金属会膨胀。) Being heated, the metal is expanding.(随着加热,这种金属正在膨胀。)
2) 没有进行时态的动词见1997年第20题
20.[考点] 可用作连词的副词
[分析] 空格前后是两个语法结构完整的句子,因此空格处要求填入一个连词。四个选项只有[D]项directly既可以作副词,表示“直接地”,又可以作连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“一……就”,如:I went home directly I had finished work.(我一干完活就回家了。)因此,[D]项正确。其他选项都只能作副词,无法引导从句。promptly意为“敏捷地,迅速地”,如:She turned off the alarm and promptly went back to sleep.(她关上闹钟,很快就又睡着了。)presently意为“目前,不久”,如:The range of courses presently available has grown.(现在可选择的课程增加了。)Presently, I fell asleep.(不久我就睡着了。)quickly意为“迅速地”,如:It’s important to realize how quickly this disease can spread.(意识到这种疾病的传播速度有多快具有重要的意义。)
[句意] 警察一听到警报,就开始采取行动。
[补充] “一……就”的英语表示法见1991年第18题
21.[考点] 动词辨析
[分析] 该句的主语是the lost car,谓语是find的被动式was found,空格处应填入过去分词作主语补足语,表示汽车被发现时的状态。vanish意为“消失”,如:vanish in darkness(在黑暗中消失),由于vanish只作不及物动词,没有过去分词形式,因此首先排除[A]项。abandon意为“抛弃,放弃,遗弃”,如:abandon the attempts/a friend in trouble(放弃尝试/抛弃处于危难中的朋友)。scatter意为“分散,散开,驱散”,如:Clouds were scattered by the wind.(风吹云散。)scatter one’s strength(分散精力)。reject意为“拒绝,抵制,驳回”,如:reject an appeal/ a claim(驳回上诉/拒绝索赔)。显然[C]和[D]在含义上都不与the car搭配。因此,正确答案为[B] abandoned。
[句意] 李家丢的那辆汽车被发现丢弃在公路旁的树林里。
[补充] 分词作补语。
分词通常在两类动词后作补语(主补、宾补):感觉、感官动词(see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, feel, find等)和使役、致使动词(catch, set, have, make, get, start, leave, keep等)。这种用法中的现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义,过去分词则表示已经完成的被动意义。如:The joke set them all laughing.(这个笑话让他们都笑了。)She saw the thief caught by policemen.(她看见那个小偷被警察抓住了。)如果分词作宾补的句子变为被动语态,那么分词就在新句中作主补。如:We were kept waiting for a long time.(让我们等了很久。)The big fire is reported controlled.(据报道这场大火已经得到控制。)
22.[考点] 固定句型
[分析] 本题考查固定句型:“祈使句+or (else) /and you will...”。其中,祈使句相当于if或unless引导的条件状语从句,并列连词后面的句子多用将来时表示结果。连词or (else)(也可以用otherwise)意为“否则”,后面的句子是转折的结果;连词and意为“那么,如此一来”,后面的句子是顺承的结果。如:Wait a minute and I’ll tell you all about it.(再等一会儿我就会告诉你事情的全部。)Come on, or you will miss the chance.(加油,否则你将失去这个机会。)本题中前后分句是转折关系,应选[C]or else。
其他选项都是固定短语,但是表示的逻辑关系均不符合句意。on the contrary意为“(与此)相反”,如:I thought the movie would have been terrible; on the contrary it is very interesting.(我原以为这部电影会很糟糕,结果相反,它很有意思。)or rather意为“更确切地说”,如:I am 1 year older than you, or rather 1 year and 2 months.(我比你大一岁,更确切地说大一岁零两个月。)in no way意为“决不”,放在句首时,引起句子倒装,如:In no way can we allow this to continue.(我们决不允许它再继续下去。)
[句意] 穿暖和一些,不然你会感冒的。
23.[考点] 形容词辨析
[分析] 该句是主从复合句,其中which引导定语从句修饰先行词a drug。从句的主语是which指代的a drug,谓语部分是“is so +形容词+as to”结构,表示“如此……以致……”。因此空格处的形容词应说明“药物”(drug)的特点,这个特点导致的结果是“改变大脑的化学过程”(change brain chemistry)。powerful除了表示“有权势的,有影响力的”,也可意为“(对身心)有强烈作用的,效力大的”,如:powerful drug/speech(有奇效的药物/有力的演说)。因此[A]powerful符合句意。
influential意为“有很大影响力的”,如a influential book/figure(有影响力的书/举足轻重的人物)。monstrous意为“丑恶的;巨大的”,如:a monstrous lie/figure(弥天大谎/巨大的人影)。vigorous意为“充满活力的,果断的,精力充沛的”,如:a vigorous campaign against tax fraud(坚决打击骗税的运动),a vigorous young man(身强力壮的人)。这三项都不能形容“药物”(drng)。
[句意] 我们的研究已经集中于一种药物,这种药物效力如此之大以致能改变大脑的化学成分。
24.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] 选项都是take构成的短语动词。take away意为“拿走;解除,消除(感情、痛苦等)”,如:take away the dictionaries from the library/the pain(将词典带出图书馆/止痛)。take down意为“拆除,拆卸;写下,记录”,如:take down a fence/every word of the speech(拆掉栅栏/记录演讲的每一句话)。take to意为“养成(习惯);开始喜欢,对……产生好感”,如:take to waking up very early/the new boss immediately(习惯醒得很早/立刻对新老板产生了好感)。take in意为“收留;欺骗,蒙骗”,如:take in lodgers(收房客);She took me in with her story.(她的一番花言巧语把我蒙骗住了。)根据句意,只有[D]项正确。
[句意] 鲍勃完全被抢劫犯的伪装所欺骗了。
[补充] 其他take的固定短语:
(1)take (sb.) aback“使……震惊”(常用于被动语态),如: I was completely taken aback by her request.(我被她的要求彻底惊呆了。)
(2)take against“反对,不喜欢,不赞成”,如:I took against him at first sight.(第一次见面我就讨厌他了。)
(3)take apart“拆卸,拆开”,如:take a watch apart(把手表拆开)
(4)take back“收回,撤回;使回想起”,如:take back what one has said(收回所说过的话);The photos took me back to my youth.(那些照片使我回忆起青年时代。)
(5)take for“把……看作/误认为”,如:I took it for the truth.(我以为那是实情。)He is often taken for a foreigner.(他常常被误认为是外国人。)
(6)take…for granted“想当然”,如:He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.(他认为自己通过考试是理所当然的事。)
(7)take off“脱下,拿掉;取消;休假,歇工”,如:take off the wet shoes(脱掉湿鞋子),We took a few minutes off to rest.(我们休息了几分钟。)
(8)take on“雇佣;呈现,具有特征”,如:The company is taking workmen on.(这家公司正在招工。)The city took on a festive air.(城里呈现出一派节日的气氛。)
(9)take over“接受,接管”,如:take over the foreign-owned oil fields(接收外资油田)
(10)take up“占用,占据”,如:The table takes up too much space.(这张桌子太占地方。)
25.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] 选项都是bring构成的短语动词。bring out意为“使显现,使表现出;出版,生产”,如:bring out the best in me(使我把自己最好的方面都发挥出来了);They’ve brought out a new perfume.(他们生产了一种新款香水。)该短语符合句意,bring out the best qualities意为“显出高贵品质”。因此,[A]项正确。bring about意为“导致,引起,使产生”,如:bring about the change in his attitude(使他改变了态度)。bring forth意为“生产,提出”,如:bring forth fruit(结果实)。bring up意为“提出(讨论等);抚养”,如:bring up the question(提出问题);He was well brought up.(他受过良好的教育。)
[句意] 困难和挫折已使这位年轻的地质学家表现出高贵的品质。
[补充] 其他bring的固定短语:
(1)bring back“使回来,使恢复,使回忆起”,如:bring the seriously polluted river back to life(使严重污染的河流清澈重生);The trip brought back a lot of happy memories.(这次旅行使我回忆起许多美好的往事。)
(2)bring down“使倒下,打垮;使降低,减少”,如:The government hopes these measures will help to bring down inflation.(政府希望这些措施能够帮助降低通货膨胀率。)a crisis that could bring down the government(一场能击垮政府的危机)。
(3)bring forward“将日期提前;提议,提出讨论”,如:The meeting has been brought forward to Thursday.(会议被提前到周三召开。)
(4)bring in“引进;提出,引入(话题等);挣得”,如:bring in a new fashion(引进新款式),bring in a bill(提出议案),bring in sufficient profit(带来足够的利润)。
(5)bring off“完成(艰难的工作),使实现”,如:It was a difficult task, but we brought it off.(这是一件艰难的工作,但是我们还是把它做成了。)
(6)bring on“促使提高,导致(通常是坏事)”,如:bring on youngsters in the reserve team(在后备队中培养年轻队员);His illness was brought on by poor feeding.(他的病是饮食不佳造成的。)
26.[考点] 动名词的完成式
[分析] 本句中的谓语部分是think of sth. as …,其中as是介词,因此后面应该接名词或动名词,由此排除[B]和[D]。[A]为动名词,表示正在进行的动作;[C]为动名词的完成式,表示其动作在谓语动作发生之前已经完成。题句是对“已经形成的现代文明”作出论述,应该用完成式,[C]正确。
[句意] 不要把我们的现代文明看作是在短期内形成的。
[补充] 动名词的时态和语态意义
动名词也是动词的一种非谓语形式,由动词+ing构成,与现在分词同形。动名词除了有某些名词的特征和用法(如:可以作主语、宾语)外,还兼有某些动词的特征,因此有时态和语态的变化(时态有一般式和完成式,语态有主动式和被动式),即:
时态
一般式
完成式
动名词没有独立的绝对的时态意义,它的时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生,完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如:I approved of his taking part in the project.(我同意他参加这项工程。)(同时或以后)He is proud of having won the first prize.(他很自豪获得了一等奖。)(之前)
27.[考点] 名词替代词
[分析] 本句中比较的对象是“these refrigerators”和“
[句意] 这些冰箱即使降价出售,其价格不高于其他商店的冰箱,也会与之持平。
[补充] 名词替代词one,that和it的用法。
(1)one常用于比较结构,只代替可数名词,可代替人或物,其前可带冠词与修饰语。它所指的名词与前面提到的名词为同一类,但不是同一物。one指同类中的任何一个,为泛指,相当于“a +名词”,如:A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one of mud.(砖砌成的墙比泥砌成的墙要结实。)(one代替可数名词wall)表示特指时要用the one,如:The population problem may be the greatest one in the world today. (one代替可数名词problem) 代替复数名词时,则用ones,如:He prefers the red pens to the blue ones.(ones代替pens)
(2)that常用于比较结构,代替可数名词或不可数名词,只能代替物,只有后置定语而没有前置定语。that为特指,相当于“the+名词”,代替前面提到的同一名称的事物但非同一物,如:Your answer to the question is better than that of hers. (代替可数名词the answer) The weather of this week is worse than that of last week. (代替不可数名词the weather) that的复数形式为those,those=the ones=the+名词复数,如:In my opinion, the finest wines are those from France.(我认为,最好的酒来自法国。)
(3)it不用于比较结构,它所指的就是前面提到的同一物,如:The performance was wonderful; I like it very much.(it指前面提到的the performance)
28.[考点] 短语动词辨析
[分析] work out意为“计算,算出;处理,解决;计划,思考”,如:work out the answer/a problem/a new way(计算出答案/解决问题/制定出新方案)。put out意为“熄灭,扑灭;生产,制造;出版,公布”,如:put out a candle/new cars/ a weekly newsletter(熄灭蜡烛/生产新汽车/发行时事周刊)。make out意为“辨认清楚;理解,明白;开具,填写(表格或文件)”,如:make out the handwriting/what she wants/a prescription(辨认笔迹/明白她想说的/开一张处方)。set out意为“安排,摆放;(有条理地)陈述、阐明”,如:set out some chairs/the reasons for his resignation(摆放椅子/说明辞职的理由)。根据句意,应选[A]项,work out the investment plan表示“制定投资计划”。
[句意] 银行经理问他的助手能否在一周内制订出投资计划。
[补充] 短语动词
(1)动词加away,back,out,ahead,forward,aside构成的短语动词总是“动副型”。“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词,可用于被动语态,也可以有宾语,如果宾语是人称代词(包括it)或反身代词,其结构是“动词+代词+副词”,如:pick it up;如果宾语是名词或不定代词,则宾语可以放在副词之前或之后,如:lay down her burden或lay her burden down。“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,也不能接宾语,如:The war broke out.
(2)含out的动副型短语还有:①carry out“执行”,如:carry out a new project(实行一项新计划)②find out“查明”,如:find out the truth(查明真相)③hand out“分发”,如:hand out leaflets(散发传单)④ point out“指出”,如:He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.(他总是非常认真地指出我的错误。)⑤ rule out“排除”,如:The mayor said that she would not rule out a business tax increase.(市长说她不排除商业税增涨的可能性。)⑥ drop out“退出”,如:Ten runners started, but three soon dropped out.(十个选手开始跑,但很快有三个退出了。)⑨ look out“当心,向外看”,如:Look out! There’s a car coming.(当心,来车了。)⑩ run out“耗尽”,如:The money has ran out and they have to abandon the project.(钱花光了,他们只好放弃这个项目。)
29.[考点] 固定结构
[分析] [A]even more意为“甚至更”,其中even是程度副词,more多与than连用构成比较级,如:Astronomers say the planetoid is even more mysterious than they first thought.(天文学家们说,这颗小行星比他们最初想象的甚至更神秘。)[C]no less意为“不少于,不亚于,同样……”,多与than构成比较级,如:Technology is no less important than market.(技术和市场同样重要。)[B]和[D]都意为“更不用说”,still less用于否定句之后,对另一件事做更强有力的否定,如:He didn’t even have enough money to buy a used car, still less a new one.(他连买旧车的钱都不够,更不用说买新车了。)still more用于肯定句之后,对另一件事做更强有力的肯定,如:He is kind to me, still more to my elder brother.(他对我很和善,更不用说对我哥哥了。)本题中的little“很少,几乎没有”暗示了句子的否定意味,因此应选择[B]still less。
[句意] 他对数学知之甚少,更不用说化学了。
[补充] “更不用说”的其他英语表达:
(1)let alone,如:Fewer and fewer of today’s workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, let alone the same company.(今天, 越来越少的人愿意在同一领域工作一辈子,更不用说在同一家公司了。)
(2)not to speak of (后接名词),如:His friends and colleagues will be very upset, not to speak of his parents. (他的朋友和同事都会为此事难过,更不用说他的父母了。)
(3)not to mention或without mentioning (后接名词),如:We were served French champagne, not to mention usual cocktail.(他们连法国香槟酒也端来给我们喝,更不用说平常的鸡尾酒了。)
(4)to say nothing of (后接名词或动名词),如:This sentence is very awkward, to say nothing of its being obscure.(这个句子别扭得很,更不用说它语义晦涩了。)
(5)much/even less (后接代词﹑动词或句子),如:I never think of it, much less say it.(我想都未想到它,更不用说讲到它了。)
30.[考点] there be的非谓语形式
[分析] 动词expect后接不定式作宾语时,意为“预料,预期(某事会发生)”,如:You can’t expect to learn a foreign language in a few months.(不要指望在几个月内就能学会一门外语。)House prices are expected to rise sharply.(预计房价会急剧上涨。)因此,本句中expected的的宾语应是there be的非谓语形式there to be,[D]项正确。
[句意] 学生们预计在期末考试前会有更多的复习课。
[补充] there be的非谓语形式
there be的非谓语形式有两种:there being(分词或动名词)和there to be(不定式)。它们可以在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。
(1)只能接there to be结构作宾语的及物动词:expect, like, mean, intend, want, prefer, hate等。如:We don’t want there to be any comrades lagging behind.(我们不希望有任何同志掉队。)They hate there to be long queues everywhere.(他们不愿意处处都要排长队。)there being也可以作动词或介词的宾语,如:She relies on there being another opportunity.(她指望还有一次机会。)
(2) 作状语多用there being结构,但若置于介词for之后,应使用for + there to be结构。如:There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.(由于附近没有人,我只得一个人干了。)(原因状语) It’s too early for there to be anybody up.(太早了,还不会有人起床。)(作程度状语)
(3) 作主语时两种结构都可以,但如果用for引导则要用there to be。如:There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.(幼儿园在校园内对女教师十分方便。)It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young.(老人与年轻人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。)
(4) 作定语。there be 结构作定语时,定语从句中谓语为there be, there之前的关系代词常常省略。如:This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.(这是到南京最快的一班车。)I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.(我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。)