秋天的童话

第四节 适应症

    “适应症”最常用的有以下几种表示方法
    Indications适应症
    Indications and Usage 适应症与用途
    Major(Principal)Indications 主要适应症
    Uses用途
    Action and Use作用与用途
    
    偶尔也会见到其他的表示方法。
    
    本项中出现频率最高的是疾病名称以及微生物（尤其是致病菌）的名称，如：
    angina pectoris 心绞痛
    cancer癌
    diabetes（mellitus）糖尿病
    hypertension 高血压
    gram-positive microorganisms(bacteria)革兰氏阳性菌
    virus 病毒
    gram－negative mcroorgansms（bacteria）革兰氏阴性菌
    E.coli 大肠杆菌
    这些词汇可借助英汉医学词典进行阅读和翻译，只要掌握了这些词意，即可了解本项基本内容。
    
    一、常见句型
    
    本项是说明书的重点，从句子结构来分析，大致有以下几种类型。
    
    1、不完全句结构．仅列出疾病或微生物的名称．例如：
    
    例1、Angina pectoris, Prinzmetal's angina,hypertension
    心绞痛，变异性心绞痛，高血压。
    
    例 2 The following diseases caused by bacteria including gram－positive and gram－negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus，Streptcoccus, Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae……
    用于治疗由革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌，如葡萄球菌、链球菌。大肠杆菌、肺炎杆菌……引起的下列疾病……
    
    2 由For（或In等）引出的短语，例如：
    
    例3 For prevention of the advance of cataract.
    用于预防白内障进展。
    
    例 4 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tubercuosis in association with other antitubercular drugs.
    与其他抗结核药配伍，治疗各种类型肺结核。
    
    3.To+动词原形构成的短语，如：
    
    例 5 To prevent the formation of urinary calculi，especially in cases where they tend to recur.
    用于预防尿路，特别是易发部位的结石的形成。
    
    例6 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver．
    在服用对肝脏有危害的药物期间，用以保护肝细胞。
    
    4,完整的句子结构或段落，有时结构很复杂；
    
    例 7 Amikacin is useful in the treatment of infections from Gram－negative sensitive species，there included the Pseudomonas species；it may also be useful to treat infections caused by sensitive staphylococci,
    阿米卡星可用于治疗革兰氏阳性敏感菌（其中包括假单孢菌）引起的感染，也可用于治疗敏感葡萄球菌引起的感染。
    
    例 8 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms：
    乃柏欣适用于治疗下列由敏感细菌引起的感染：
    
    例 9 Octinum D has proved effective in the prophylaxis and therapy of disorders arising from spasm of the smooth musculature.
    新握克了已证实对平滑肌痉挛引起的病症有预防和治疗作用。
    
    例10 Fungizone intravenous is especially intended to treat cryptococcosis……
    注射用凡疾送特别适用于治疗隐球菌病。…
    
    例11 Kanamycin is active both in vitro and vivo against Gram－possitive and Gram－negative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria
    卡那霉素在体外及体内对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌以及耐酸菌都有效。
    
    例12 Benemid is recommended for the treatmemt of gout and gouty arthritis, and to increase and prolong the plasma concentration of penicillins and cephalosporins during anti-infective therapy.
    丙磺舒被推荐用于治疗痛风及痛风关节炎，及在强化抗感染治疗时增加并延长青霉素类及头孢菌素类的血浆浓度。
    
    例 13 Information available at present suggests that Oncovin may be useful either alone or in conjunction with other oncolytic drugs for the treatment of acute leukaemias ……
    据现有资料表明，硫酸长春新碱可单独使用，亦可与其他溶瘤细胞药物合用，以治疗急性白血病……
    
    例14 Adriamycin is frequenly used in combination chemotherapy regiments with other cytotoxyc drugs.
    阿霉素常与其他细胞毒药物合用于化疗方案。
    
    例 15 Concomitant therapy with other calcium antagonists, antihypertensives and alcohol may potentiate the hypotensive action of the drug.
    与其他的钙桔抗剂、抗高血压药物及酒精饮料同时使用，会增强本品的降低血压的作用。
    
    二、本项中的常用词及短语举例
    
    许多常用词及疾病名、微生物名词等与“药理作用”项类同，此外还有以下词组与短语（例句参见前文）。
    
    be active against对……有效
    be intended to…适用于……
    be administared in …适用于…
    be of value of … 适用于……
    be effective in （for，against）…对…有效
    be recommended for 推荐用于……
    be employed to …用于……
    be used to（for，as）…用于……
    be helpful in … 用于……
    be useful in … 用于……
    be indicated in（for）…适用于…
    for（in） the treatment（management）of… 用于治疗（控制）
    
    表示与“其他药物合用”的结构有：
    be associated with
    in association with
    be combined with
    in combination with
    be compatible with
    in connjunction with
    concomitant with
    together with

第五节 禁忌症

    本项中最常用的英语表示法是Contraindications，也有用Restrictions on Use（用药限制）的。
    
    一、本项中涉及到禁用（或慎用）某些药物的患者或某种特殊情况，例如：
    
    1、孕妇、妊娠期或哺乳期，幼童等：
    
    pregnant woman 孕妇
    lactation 哺乳期
    in pregnancy 妊娠期
    children under …years of age …岁以下儿童
    the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初三个月
    
    2、患有某些疾病或过敏的患者，如：
    
    allergic (hypersensitive) to… 对…过敏的
    allergic (anaphylactic) reaction 过敏反应
    allegy (hypersensitivity) to… 对…过敏
    patients with… (who…) 患有…的患者
    
    二、本项中常出现一些疾病名称，例如：
    
    cardiac failure 心力衰竭
    hypertension 高血压
    cardiac (renal) insufficiency 心（肾）功能不全
    severe hypotension 严重低血压
    impairment of kidney (renal function) 肾功能损伤
    diabetes 糖尿病
    liver (hepatic) damage 肝损伤
    severe anemia 严重贫血
    
    三、常见句型
    
    1) 省略句型，只列出禁忌对象或疾病名称等。
    
    例1. Pregnacy, allergy to methotrexate, functional disorders of liver and kidneys, diseases of the haematopoietic system (bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocy - to penia, anaemia), intectious diseases, ulcers of the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract, recent operation wounds.
    孕期，对氨甲叶酸过敏，肝、肾功能障碍，血液系统疾病（骨髓机能减退、白细胞及血小板减少、贫血），传染病，口腔及胃溃疡，近期术后伤口等忌用。
    
    例2. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severerenal insufficiency.
    对喹喏酮类过敏，严重肾功能不全。
    
    2) 完整的句子或段落。其中常用的结构有：
    
    contraindications are… 禁忌症是…
    be contraindicated in (for) … 对…禁忌
    should not be used (employed) in … 不得用于…
    It is advisable to avoid the use of … 建议不用于…
    must not be administered (given) to… 对…不得用药
    should be used with caution 慎用
    be not recommended for… 最好不用于…
    none reported 未见报道
    not known 不清楚
    
    还可能有一些其他的结构。
    
    例3. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
    先锋5号禁用于已知对头孢菌素类抗生素过敏的患者。
    
    例4. It is advisable to avoid the use of Aramine with cyclo-propane or halothane anesthesia, unless clinical circumstances demand such use.
    如果不是临床需要，建议本品不要与环丙烷或氟溴氯乙烷麻醉剂合用。
    
    例5. Do not take Benemid if prior administration resulted in hypersensitivity Benemid is not recommended for persons with known disorders of the blood or uric acid kidney stones. Do not give Benemid to children under two years of age.
    若以前使用丙磺舒曾引起过敏反应，则应禁用。已知有血液疾患及尿酸性肾结石的患者建议不要使用本品，二岁以下儿童不得服用。
    
    例6. Phenothiazine compounds should not be used in patients receiving large doses of hypnotics, and should be used, with caution in patients with a history of convulssive disorders, since grand mal convulsions have been known to occur.
    接受大剂量安眠药的患者不应使用吩噻嗪化合物，对有惊厥病史的患者应慎用，因为已知有发生过癫痫大发作。
    
    例7. Ursosan should not be given to patients suffering from fulminant hepatitis and bile duct obstruction.
    暴发性肝炎及胆管阻塞患者禁用熊去氧胆酸。
    
    例8. This product is contraindicated in those patients who have shown hypersensitivity to it unless, in the opinion of the physician, the condition requiring treatment is life threatening and amenable only to amphotencin B therapy.
    除非根据医生的意见，认为需要治疗的患者的病情危及生命，并且只有两性霉素治疗才可能使其有所改善之外，对本品过敏的患者禁用本品。
    
    例9. Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Antistine.
    5岁以下儿童禁用敌胺。
    
    例10. The use of Alexan in nursing mothers is not recommended.
    哺乳期妇女最好不用爱力生。
    
    例11. Pregnancy: Coumadin is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnat because the drug basses through the placental barrier and may cause fatal hemorrhage to the felus in utero.
    妊娠期禁用：香豆定禁用于孕妇，或可能已怀孕的妇女，因为本品可能穿过胎盘屏障，引起子宫内胚胎致命的出血。
    
    四、在 Restrictions on use 的项目中有时还有小标题
    
    Contraindications 禁忌症
    Precautions (Note) 注意事项
    Warning 警告
    Pregnancy and Lactation 妊娠与哺乳