傻孩孩de心情～～

一、英语书面表达基本技巧
英语书面表达的实战技巧
1、 写作前一定要仔细审题，明确是叙述一件事，还是发表议论，做到“覆盖所有的要点”。
2、 要尽量使用较多的语法结构和词汇，不要全文都使用简单句。
3、 要有效使用词句间的连接成份，即句与句之间，段与段之间应使用一些词，如as a result, however, what’s more, on the other hand等，使全文结构紧凑。
4、 要尽量用自己熟悉的句型和短语来表达，同时尽量避免全文都使用相同的几个句型，要根据表达需要而注意变换句式，这样才能增强语句的表现力。切忌只按考题信息或线索提示，不切实际、不顾英语习惯表达的方式逐条翻译，这样就会造成文理不通、语无伦次。只有语言地道、层次清楚、结构合理、才能文通语顺、层次分明。
5、 要确定好文章的基本时态，不要时态混乱。
6、 平时练习可选择多种题材进行训练，要注意多读范文，学习范文中的精彩之处。
7、 注意结尾点题。
8、 检查与润色。检查内容应包括以下几点：
（1） 名词方面：单复数、所有格、词性、是否需要冠词、代词等；
（2） 动词方面：单复数、时态、语态、语气等；
（3） 主谓、人称、篇章行文等是否一致；
（4） 形容词和副词的等级形式、介词搭配等；
（5） 句子完整与否（是否有漏词、缺成份、多词、拼写错误、大小写错误等现象）；
（6） 有无生造的词组或句型，遣词达意与否，语言是否得体。
议论文常用短语和句型举例：
1、首先……其次……                first of all…secondly…
2、众所周知                        as we all know
3、简而言之                        in short
4、除此之外                        besides
5、总之                            in a word
6、换句话说                        in other words
7、事实上                          It is true that…
8、从表中可以看出                  As can be seen from the chart(graph),
From this chart we can see that…
9、一方面……另一方面……          on one hand…on the other hand…
10、相反                           on the contrary
11、结果                           as a result
12、以我的观点                     in my opinion
13、接受某人的建议                 follow/take one’s advice
14、事态发展越来越好               things will go better and better
15、必须采取措施解决这个问题       something must be done to solve the problem
条理分明，脉络清晰
  我们写如何来解决某个问题或叙述某个时间的时候，如何才能做到条理分明，脉络清晰呢？其实破解方法很简单，只要根据实际情况把下面任何一组词汇加入到文章的几个要点前就行了。
1） first, second, third, last
2） firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally
3） the first, the second, the third, the last
4） in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly
5） to begin with, then, furthermore, finally
6） to start with, next, in addition, finally
7） first and foremost, besides, last but not least
8） most important of all, moreover, finally
9） on one hand…on the other hand…
10)for one thing, for another thing
作文段落衔接技巧：
1、 用代词来指代上段中所提到的人、事或某种想法。例：
　…In addition, they carried a wireless radio set, warm clothing, and an extra three weeks’ foods supply.
  Because of these careful preparations, the expedition was ready when the unexpected emergency happened…
2、 重复上段中的关键词或关键词组。例：
  …But a child should be given training in good manners, for this will help him throughout his life.
3、 用过渡词或词组衔接。常见的过渡词或词汇有很多，同学们在学习中要多总结。比如用来表示比较作用的词和短语就有：in contrast, on the other hand, instead, on the contrary, in spite of 等。例：
  …You cannot get the information you need every time when you turn on your radio.
巧过渡 真增色
下面帮同学们简单的归纳一下议论文中常见的启、承、转、合方面的过渡词和连接词。
1、 有关“启”的常见短语，多用于引导文章的主题句。
first(ly)第一；首先
at first最初
first of all第一；首先
in the begin/start with起初
2、 有关“承”的常见短语，一般用来承上启下。
in other words换句话说
in particular特别；尤其
in the same way同样地
besides(this)此外
for example例如
at the same time 同时
3、 有关“转”的常见短语，多用来表示不同或相反的情况。
after all毕竟
but但是
on the other hand另一方面
however然而
as a matter of fact事实上
4、 有关“合”的常见短语，多用来表示总结上文的内容，引导文章的结尾句。
finally最后
as I have said如我所说
in short简言之
therefore因此
above all最重要的是
英文句子表达技巧
1、 注意英语习惯表达法
在进行书面表达时，要符合英语的习惯于法，否则容易杜撰出“中式”英语，使人难以看懂。所以不能先想汉语的意思，然后再直译为英语，而要善于用英语思考，使用常用的英语句型来表达。例：
（1）、他身体很好。
 He is strong.（正）
 His body is strong.（误）
汉语说“某人的身体强弱”，英语中不必加body一词。
（2）、我想不会下雨的。
 I don’t think it will rain. （正）
 I think it will not rain. （误）
凡说“我想……不……”时，英语中应该用“I don’t think …”的句型。但“hope”一词却相反，我们可以说“I hope it will not rain.”
2、 巧用思维拐弯法
当表达某一意思有困难时，巧用常用词语或自己熟悉的词语来进行表达，可达到同样的效果，又可避免出错。例：这些月饼很可口。
These mooncakes are very delicious.
若想不起来“delicious”一词，为避免出错，可这样写：
These mooncakes are very nice.
3、 用变繁为简法
当用一句英语表达一个较长的中文意思有困难时，可分为两句或多句表达。例：
这张照片中怀抱婴儿的那个妇女是我的母亲。
In this photo the woman with a baby in her arms is my mother.
如有困难，可改成两句来表达就简单多了：
The woman in this photo is my mother. A baby is in her arms.
其实，英语书面表达有较大的灵活性，并不一定非写很难的长句，只要叙述清楚，有条有理，让人看明白就达到目的了。
词汇量不足时应该如何应急
  在作书面表达时，我们常常会碰到这种情况：一个意思往往因一个单词不会而表达不清；一个好的句子因一个单词想不起来而不能完成。面对这种情况，我们该如何应对呢？
1、换用笼统词
词大体可分为两类：笼统词和具体词。笼统词的特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强。虽然它们独立不能精确表达一个动作，但在构成词组以后可代替很多具体词。写作中遇到一些具体词写不出来的时候，用笼统词代替，能收到异曲同工之妙。常用的笼统词有have和take等。例：
麦克经历了一段极其艰苦的时期。
Mike experienced a terribly hard time.
写作时，若忘记了experience可用笼统词have代替，写成：
Mike had a terribly hard time.
2、 换用同义词、反义词
遇到未曾学过或一时想不起的词时，可采用发散性思维，发挥想象力，尽可能想出与之有关的同义词、反义词，利用语言的内在联系，多层次、多角度的运用语言，使单词受阻现象得以解决。例：
昨晚李蕾做了一场噩梦。
Li Lei had a nightmare last night.
因nightmare使用率不高，不易记住，但其同义词bad dream易记，因此上句可写为：
Li Lei had a bad dream last night.
3、 换用迂回表达
当某些信息表达起来有困难时，要充分利用语言本身词汇丰富、句型多等特点，进行迂回表达。因为任何一种表达形式，只要能达意便可接受。例：
中午我们去野餐了。
At noon we had a picnic.
=At noon we had our lunch in the open air.
二、作文分类具体分析
地点描写：
（一）、介绍地点写作要点
1、 描写该地区基本情况（地理位置、人口等）；
2、 介绍该地区特殊的历史、文化等；
3、 介绍该地区名胜、特点等。
（二）、介绍地点常用表达方式
1、所处位置（Location）
例：Our school lies near/behind/in front of/by the side of/between/among/at the foot of…
2、周边环境（Surroundings）
例：The beautiful town is located/situated on the west of the lake/to the west of the mountain…
例：Surrounded by mountain on three sides, the small village faces a clear river on the east.
3、 人口（Population）
例：…has a small population of/…
例：…Is a developing city, with a population of…
例：The population here is increasing year by year.
4、 面积（Area）
例：Tian’anmen Square, the largest square in the world, covers an area of…
例：Our school, which takes up 80 thousand square kilometers, is very large in size.
5、 历史（History）
例：…has a history of over… years.
6、 名胜(Places of interest)
例：The Opera House in Sydney is one of the most well-known places of interest in the world.
例：Sydney is the biggest city in Australia, which has many places of interest, among which is the Opera House.
怎样写人物简介
  人物简介或人物传记无非就是介绍人物的成长历程及其做出的贡献。写这类文章一般以时间为线索，介绍人物在不同时间的事迹。
人物简介一般采用下列写作步骤：
  首先介绍人物的姓名、性别、年龄、籍贯、家庭背景等，然后在介绍其成长过程，包括所受的教育、不同时间的主要事迹等，最后介绍人物取得的成就，还可给与评价。
  也可采用倒叙的手法，先介绍人物现在的情况、取得的成就或评价，随后介绍人物的成长历程。
人物介绍一点通：
　　人物介绍属于记叙文题材，要按照记叙文的要求，把人物的经历、故事等基本情况写清楚。介绍伟大人物时，主要写他们在某个领域或方面所做出的特殊贡献，取得的杰出成绩，以及产生的影响。
  下面给大家提供一些可供参考的写作策略和常用句型。
1、 介绍人物常用表达（词汇和短语）：
male, female, be born in, at the age of, look like, be kind/friendly to sb, be strict with sb, be interest in, show/take interest in, fight against, work hard at, win a gold medal, get the first place/prize, make great achievements, make contributions to, set a good example to…
2、 叙述要注意行文顺序，注意各个句子的先后次序，恰当使用表示并列、递进、因果、转折等的连词或副词，使句与句之间过渡自然，上下通顺。常用的表达有：and, and then, in addition, but, however, while, when, therefore, what’s more, furthermore, moreover…
3、叙事要分清主次，详略得当，常用的表达有：firstly, secondly, thirdly, at first, at last, finally, one is…the other is…, on one hand…on the other hand…,in spite of, despite等。
4、注意人称和时态的运用。人物介绍一般使用第三人称，常用一般过去时或一般现在时。
怎样介绍一个城市
  介绍一个为城市一般要从它的地理位置、面积、人口、气候特点和旅游景点等方面来介绍。下面我们以介绍青岛为例，来看看怎样才能把这类书面表达写好。
  地理位置：
Qingdao is/ ies/ is located in the southeast of Shandong Province.
  面积：
It has/covers an area of 10,654 square kilometers.
  人口：
It has a population of 6.73 million./Its population is 6.73 million.
  气候特点：
It has a /belongs to the temperate maritime climate(温带海洋性气候)with an average temperature of 12℃
  旅游景点：
 It is famous for the blue sea and beautiful beaches./ …makes the city well-known as a summer and health resort.
范文：
  Qingdao
 Qingdao ies in the southeast of Shandong Province. It is one of the largest industrial centers ang port cities in China. It has an area of 10,654 square kilometers and a population of 6.73 million. About half of the area is mountains and hills, and the rest is fertile plains. It has the temperate maritime climate with an average temperature of 12℃.
  Qingdao is famous for the blue sea and beautiful beaches. It is a wonderful place for summer holidays. Tens of thousands of people from all over the country and abroad visit Qingdao every summer. They walk along the beaches, go swimming, and do some shopping. Everyone can have a good time there.
    Qingdao has been developing very quickly in resent years. The Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has already been established. Qingdao is becoming more and more beautiful.
怎样写关于自然灾害的报道
　　我们写关于自然灾害的报道时，关键要抓住几个要点，即：时间、地点、时间、后果、影响和举措等。下面我们以一篇关于江西地震的报道为例，看看怎样才能写好这类文章。
    时间、地点和时间可以用一句话交待清楚：an earthquake measuring 5.7on the Richter scale(里氏震级)struck/happened in Jiangxi Province of China on November 26,2005.后果：The earthquake killed at least 16 people and injured more than 370./At least 16 people lost their lives and more than 370 were injured.影响：It attracted much attention and care of our government and the media.举措：A work group was sent there/arrived there for rescue work in the afternoon.
范文：
An earthquake in Jiangxi Province
　An earthquake measuring 5.7on the Richter scale struck/happened in Jiangxi Province of China on November 26,2005.
  The earthquake happened in the places between Jiujiang and Ruichang, both in Jiangxi Province, at 8:49am. It killed at least 16 people and injured more than 370. About 130,000 homes fell down in some countries of Jiujiang and Ruichang.
  It attracted much attention and care of our government and the media. About 420,000 people were transferred to safer areas to shelter the homeless people. A work group was sent there/arrived there for rescue work in the afternoon.
怎样写描写未来生活的作文
  我们常常会想象未来生活的情形，并对未来美好的生活充满了憧憬。这种想象可以是以科学知识为依据的，也可以是无根无据的。我们写此类作文时可以用一般将来时态，如：We’ll live in a much more comfortable world next century./We’ll be able to do almost everything on the computer.我们也可以用现在时态，如：It is December10,3000./In the daytime, the city is lit up by a men-made sun./ At night you can also see “stars” in the “sky”.
范文：
A city on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean
  John Smith lives in a city on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, which is about 6,000 meters under the surface of the water. There are about 100,000 people living in it. The city is almost like one built on the land. One of the best things about it is that the temperature is 25℃ for the whole year. In the daytime, the city is lit up  by a men-made sun, which is almost as bright as the real one. At night you can also see “stars” in the “sky”. The city runs using geothermal(地热的) power. There are about 10,000 such cities altogether. The reason why these cities have been built is that there are too many people living on the earth. Only old people who can’t stand the cold and hot weather on the land are allowed to live here.
怎样写环境保护类的文章
  写环境保护类的文章时，要根据所给的要点提示，首先把出现环境污染现象的原因和可能引起的后果叙述清楚，然后叙述人们为了保护环境所采取的具体措施，最后呼吁大家共同来保护环境。下面我们以一篇着方面的文章为例，看看怎样写好这类文章。
题目要求：
  在世界环保日到来前夕，联合国家科文组织就如何处理城市垃圾向全世界写一篇130词左右的短文。内容必须包括以下几点：
1、 城市垃圾的危害：污染环境、有害健康。
2、 你所在的城市是如何处理垃圾的：（1）垃圾分类；（2）保质、玻璃的回收再利用；（3）填埋有害垃圾；（4）处理废气、废水；（5）尽我们所能爱护环境，反对污染。
反问：
 Saving our city
  It is very important to dispose of（处理）the rubbish in cities. Rubbish must be treated properly. Otherwise, it may pollute the air and water. When people breathe the polluted air or drink the polluted water, they may get sick.
  Our city has begun to pay attention to the problem. As far as I know, some rubbish is sorted（把……分类）and sent to different factories. Rubbish, such as old newspapers and glass, is recycled. Some harmful rubbish is sent to a certain place and buried. Waste air is cleaned before it goes into the air. Waste water is treated before it is poured into rivers.
  To protect the environment, the government has passed laws to stop people from throwing rubbish everywhere. We should do our best to take good care of the