千里之行，始于足下......

exciting
原形：excite
1)使激动；使兴奋 (后面接人，使...激动，兴奋)
The news excited everybody.
消息鼓舞了每个人。
The story about a hero excited the little boys very much.
一个英雄的故事使小男孩们兴奋不已。

2)激励；激发；引起 (后面接抽象名词，引起了什么反应)
The King's cruelty excited a rising of the people.
国王的残暴引起了人民的反抗。
The court case has excited a lot of public interest.
这案件引起了公众的广泛兴趣。

 

前缀 ex-有两个意义：
1．表示"出"、"外"、"由……中弄出"。例如：export（出口，输出）extract（抽出，拔出）expel（逐出，赶出）

2．表示"前任的，以前的"。例如： ex-president（前任总统）exsoldier（退伍军人）ex-husband （前夫）

 

情感动词的-ing和-ed形式
有些导致情感变化的及物动词有-ing和-ed形式，但意思不同。
-ing 形式描述事物特征（一般由事物做主语）,如
surprising(The news is surprising.)
exciting(The story is exciting.)
boring (The play is boring.)
frightening(The film is frightening.)

-ed 形式则描述感受（一般人做主语），如
surprised (I was surprised at...)
excited   (He was excited with...)
bored  (We was bored with...)
frightened (I am frightened of dark.)

 

receive
与send 相反
1) 收到，
receive a letter
receive bad news
The police received several complaints about the noise from the plant.
2)遭受，忍受
receive unfair treatment  受到不公正待遇
receive a penalty 受到处罚
receive a blow 遭受打击
The novel received great acclaim. 这本小说备受赞扬。
3)容纳
The theatre is large enough to receive 2000 people.

 

receive, accept
都含”收到”, “接受”的意思。
receive指“收到”, 着重“行为本身, 而不涉及收受者是否接受”, 如:
I received an invitation.
我收到了请帖。
accept 指“领受”, “接收”, 着重“除行为本身以外, 还表示接受者经过考虑以后愿意接受”, 如:
I accepted the invitation.
我接受邀请。

 

firm =company

 

“许多”的表示法
修饰可数名词
a great number of
a large number of
a lot of
lots of
a good/many many of

修饰不可数名词
a great/good deal of

可数/不可数名词均可
plenty of

different
be different from
You are quite different from how you were 20 years.

 

centre
in the centre of ...
research centre 研究中心
business centre 商业中心，营业中心
commercial centre 商业中心
banking centre 金融中心

abroad （与home国内相对）
go/travel abroad 到国外去
at home and abroad 在国内外
student studying abroad 留学生
from abroad 从国外，从海外

 

语法要点
现在完成时用法

1. 动作发生于一个非确定的过去的时间(过去的时间并不重要或根本不知道),但它的结果仍对现在有影响.

   I have read the letter, and I know what it is about.

 

2. 动作发生在过去,目前仍在继续或刚刚结束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段时间", 或"since" 加上"一个确切的过去的时间" 连用.

   a) "for" 用于过去的一段时间. (动词必须是可以延续的)

      He has been there for six months.  她去那儿有6个月了。(直到现在He went there 6 months ago.)

      He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里。(直到现在)

 

   b) "since" 用于过去的一个确切的时间, 意思是"从那时一直到现在", 总是和完成时一齐用, 而且不能省略. (主句动词必须是可以延续的)

      Tim has been in Hongkong since January. 自从1月份以来他一直都在香港。(现在仍在香港)

      注意: "since" 后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.

   He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.

      他打小时侯起就对收集硬币感兴趣。（现在还是如此）

 

   c) 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)

   Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。

   I've been to New York three times so far.  至今我已到纽约去过三次。

 

3. 刚刚完成的动作.

   I've just got a letter from my brother.

 

4. "already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句

    He has (already) visited many  places in China (already).(注意 "already" 在句中的两种位置.)

    The train hasn't arrived yet.火车（到现在）还没有到。

    Has she arrived yet?  她已经到了吗？Hasn't he come yet? 她还没来吗？

    I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都没有成功。 

 

   注意: "have been"（去过） 和 "have gone"（去了） 的区别:

   He has gone to Beijing . (表示已经在北京，或者在去的路上)

   He has been to Shanghai . (表示曾经去过，现在是否在该地不一定)

 

5. 当现在完成时句中无时间状语, 它只是指一个简单的已经完成的动作

   I've cleaned the sitting-room.  我已把起居室打扫过了。(已完成了工作)

 

6. 现在完成时可以用来表示一个反复发生的动作.

   He has rung me up five times today. (五次分隔的行为)

7. 一般过去时(常带有确切的表示过去的时间状语)和现在完成时的比较:

    When did you stay at this hotel?

    I stayed here five years ago.

    Have you ever stayed at this hotel?

    Yes, I've stayed here twice. (无确切的过去的时间状语)

    Yes, I stayed here for two months. (过去的一段时间, 我已不在那儿.)

    Yes, I stayed here five years ago. (有确切的过去的时间状语)

    How long have you been staying at this hotel?(仍在这儿)

9. 通常和现在完成时一起用的副词:

   I have just got a letter from my brother.

   He has already bought an American car and has gone to the U.S.A.

   He has been there for six months so far.

   Mother has never been abroad before.

 

 常和完成时连用的副词和实践短语：

   

already,  yet,  just,  ever,  never,  before

today,  now,  this morning,  this week,  these days, 

in the past two years 

for three hours,  for two weeks,  for years,  for a long time 

since three o'clock,  since last Tuesday,  since 1980,  since then

since he came here,  since we began to learn English

 

难点
receive和take的比较
receive 收到
take  带走，拿走