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教材解析九年级英语第四单元虚拟语气详解教育 |
分类: 九年级1-5单元教材解析 |
虚拟语气详解
定义表示对事物或状态的实在性作相反的想像、假设或愿望等的句法称为虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)。
虚拟语气的基本句式如下:
句型 If + S + V, S + V …(条件从句),(主句)
例:If I were a bird , I could fly here and there in the sky.(如果我是一只鸟,我就能在天空中飞来飞去。)
本例句就是典型的虚拟语气表达法,其相反的事实是:
例:I am not a bird, so I can't fly here and there in the sky.(我不是鸟,所以我无法在空中飞来飞去。)
由上例可以了解,虚拟语气的基本特点是要设定一个“条件(Condition)”,然后就此条件来表达想像、假设或愿望等,因此文法学家也常把虚拟语气的句式称为“条件句(Conditional Sentence----English Grammar, Longman)”,把表达条件的从句称为“条件从句(Conditional Clause)”。因为引导条件从句的最常用从属连词是“if”,条件从句也常叫做“if-clause”。
A.与现在事实相反的假设
例:If I were very rich, I would buy you a car.(如果我是很有钱,我愿意买一辆车给你。)
例:If he had money enough, he might buy that house.(如果他有足够的钱,他或许会买那栋房子。)
上面两例句的事实是:
I am not very rich, so I can't buy you a car.
He doesn't have money enough, so he may not buy that house.
所以例句所表达出来的是“与现在事实相反的假设”。
注:1.“should, would, could, might”的用法:
should:表达义务、责任
would:表达意志、决心
could:表达能力、可能性
might:表达推想、或然性
2.“if- clause”若是其所表达的条件有成为事实的可能性时叫做“开放式条件(Open Condition)”,此时其动词使用陈述语气的“V-(e)s/am, are, is”,主句的动词也使用“shall, will, can, may + V”相对应。
----The Oxford English Gramman, Sidney Greenbaum
例:If it rains tomorrow, I'll not go for the picnic with you.(如果明天下雨,我就不和你们一同去野餐了。)
B.与过去事实相反的假设
例:If he had been in that train then, he might have been killed in that accident.(如果当时他也在那列火车上,他可能就死于那场车祸了。)
上面例句的事实是:
He was then not in that train, so he was not killed in that train accident.(was safe from that train accident.)
C.表达将来的“万一……”
例:If there should be another World War, what could we do?(万一再有一次世界大战,我们怎么办?)
上例所表达的意思是:
It is not likely that there will be another World War, but if there should be, what could we do?
(再发生一次世界大战似乎是不大可能,不过万一发生了,我们该怎么办?)
这种“万一……”的句法都是指将来的事物,因其并非存在的事实,所以我们只能以怀疑的态度来加以假设,这在文法上就称为怀疑性虚拟语气(Doubtful Supposition)。
将来的事物若可以肯定为事实,当然相反的假设是可能的,此时if- clause的动词应使用“were + to V”。
例:If the sun were to rise in the west , I would not believe you.(就是太阳会从西边出来,我也不会相信你的话。)
D.“If”的省略
条件从句的“If”在下列情形可以省略:
例:If I were in your place, I wouldn't do that.
→Were I in your place, I…(如果我是在你的立场,我不愿意做那件事。)
例:If she had been at the party last night, I should have seen her.
→Had she been at …(昨天晚上她若是参加了宴会,我必定会看到她。)
例:If you should do that again, you might be punished.
→ Should you do…(如果你再做那样的事,你可会被处罚。)