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Lesson 51
Reward for virtue
对美德的奖赏
课文详注 Further notes on the text
1．颾ut things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a
diet.镲但是近来情况变得越发糟糕，以致他决定节食。
（1）things（要用复数形式）可以表示“情况”、“情形”、“状况”、
“形势”等含义：
You've surely made things worse.
你确实使情况变得更糟了。
How are things going on with you?
你那里情况如何？
（2）get 作不及物动词时可以表示“变得”：
I got interested in French.
我（变得）对法语感兴趣了。
I got angry with him.
我（变得）对他很生气。
（3）diet 用于表示治疗某种疾病或调节体重的“特种饮食”、“规
定饮食”时通常与on 连用：
The doctor put him on a strict diet.
医生让他严格控制饮食。
She is on a diet.
她正在节食。
I once went on a diet for a week and then I gave up.
我曾经节食过一周，然后就放弃了。
2． First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were
forbidden.首先，他开列了一张长长的单子，上面列了所有禁吃的
食物。
（1）first of all 为固定短语，表示“首先”、“第一”：
First of all I must see your passport.
首先我必须看一下你的护照。
（2）write out 这个短语表示“（正式）写”、“写出”或“全部写
出”：
You should write out a report.
你应该写一份报告。
3． The list included most of the things Hugh loves镎庹诺プ由系
大多数食物都是休喜欢吃的镲
It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
里面装了5 大块巧克力和3 袋糖果！
include 和contain 都有“包含”的意思，但contain 可以用于表示所包
含的全部事物，include 则只表示其中的一部分：
It included three bags of sweets.
其中有3 袋糖果。（另外还有其他东西）contain 的主语通常为某个容器，include 则含义更广：
Does the bill include a tip?
账单包括小费吗？
We're including you in our team.
我们把你列为我们队中的一员了。
4． Yesterday I paid him a visit.昨天我去看望了他。
pay a visit to sb. 表示“拜访某人”：
I paid a visit to Jane the other day.
前几天我去看望了简。
5．颒ugh was still as fat as ever．镲休仍和往常一样胖。
as ever是as he ever was的省略形式。as颽s ever这个结构表示“照旧”、
“依然”：
He is as strong as ever.
他依然那么强壮。
6． It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.显然他感到很尴
尬。
it 为先行主语，真正的句子主语是that 引导的从句，它在句子中起名
词的作用。从句作主语时通常前面用先行主语it，以免句子看上去头重脚
轻：
It is certain now that he'll come on Monday.
现在可以肯定他星期一将会来。
语法 Grammar in use
一般过去时
在第3 课及第27 课的语法中我们都学习了一般过去时。在一段文字
中，初次使用一般过去时的时候通常要有明确的时间状语，随后的叙述
则可以不一定使用时间状语；如果不加before, after 等词语，过去的动作
就被认为是按所描述的顺序发生的：
One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a
storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
一天下午，她乘小船从海岸出发，遇上了风暴。天将黑时，小船撞
在了一块礁石上，姑娘跳进了海里。
Did you use your bicycle last week?
Yes, I cleaned it first and then I used it.
上个星期你骑自行车了吗？
是的，我先把它擦了一下，然后才骑的。
ì
í 镲
镲
与一般过去时常用的两个词是once 和recently：
He changed his job once, didn' t he?
Yes, he did. His wife wanted him to.
他曾经换过工作，是不是？
是的。他妻子想让他换。
ì
í 镲 镲
I went on an excursion recently.
最近我作了一次短途旅行。
recently 在表示“最近一段时期”时也可以与现在完成时连用：I haven't
heard from him recently.我最近没有收到他的信。
一般过去时也可以用于时间状语从句中：
When did she hear a noise?
She heard it when she walked forward.
Are they going to see a film?
I don' t expect so. They saw one last week.
她什么时候听到响声的？
她在向前走时听到的。
一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较时：
他们打算看一场电影吗？
我想他们不会。他们上个星期刚看过一次。
ì
í 镲
镲
ì
í 镲
镲
词汇学习 Word study
1． raise 与rise
（1）raise 作动词时只能作及物动词，即它必须跟宾语。它可以表示
“举起”、“往上提”、“使镲升高”等含义：
Will those who agree with me please raise their hands?
请那些同意我的人举起手来好吗？
Why did they raise prices?
他们为什么提高物价？
（2）rise 作动词时通常为不及物动词，表示“起立”、“起床”、
“（日、月等）升起”等含义：
You're still in bed and the sun has already risen!
你还在床上，太阳已经升起来了！
I used to rise at half past six.
我过去常常6 点半起床。
All the students rose when the teacher came into the classroom.
老师走进教室时所有的学生都起立。
2． lay 与lie
（1）lay的过去式与过去分词均为laid。它通常为及物动词，表示“置”、
“搁”、“铺”、“准备”等：
Please lay the book open on the desk.
请把书打开放在书桌上。
I laid your clothes on the bed so yon could put them away.
我把你的衣服放在床上了，这样你可以把它们收起来。
If you can't cook the dinner, you can at least lay the table.
你如果不会做饭，至少可以把桌子摆好。
（2）lie 的过去式和过去分词分别为lay 和lain。它是个不及物动词，
表示“躺”、“平卧”等：
Are you going to lie in bed all morning?
你打算在床上躺一上午吗？
Are you going to spend the whole morning lying in bed?
（译文同上）
We were so tired after last night's party that we lay in bed all morning.
昨晚的晚会之后我们非常疲劳，今天在床上躺了一上午。3． beat 与win
（1）beat 作及物动词时可以表示“打败”、“战胜”、“胜过”、
“超过”：
They beat their enemy, though they were fewer in number.
他们虽然人少，但打败了敌人。
表示一个球队打败另一个球队时也用beat。
（2）win 作及物动词时可以表示“在镲获胜（成功）”、“赢得”、
“获得”、“夺得”等：
Who won the race the war?
We have won(it).
/
谁赢了这场比赛／战争？
我们赢了。
ì
í 镲
镲
练习答案 Key to written exercises
1．关键句型练习答案
A got(1.1); decided(1.2);began(1.2); wrote out(1.3); included(1.4); paid(1.5);
rang(1.6);was not surprised (1.6); led(1.7); hid(1.7); asked(1.9); smiled(1.9);
put(1.9);explained(1.10); had to reward(1.10); showed(1.10)
2．难点练习答案
1 rose 2 lying 3 laid 4 rose 5 beats 6 win
3．多项选择题答案
1 b 2c 3d 4d 5d 6a
7 d 8 c 9 a 10 d 11 d 12 b
Reward for virtue
对美德的奖赏
课文详注 Further notes on the text
1．颾ut things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a
diet.镲但是近来情况变得越发糟糕，以致他决定节食。
（1）things（要用复数形式）可以表示“情况”、“情形”、“状况”、
“形势”等含义：
You've surely made things worse.
你确实使情况变得更糟了。
How are things going on with you?
你那里情况如何？
（2）get 作不及物动词时可以表示“变得”：
I got interested in French.
我（变得）对法语感兴趣了。
I got angry with him.
我（变得）对他很生气。
（3）diet 用于表示治疗某种疾病或调节体重的“特种饮食”、“规
定饮食”时通常与on 连用：
The doctor put him on a strict diet.
医生让他严格控制饮食。
She is on a diet.
她正在节食。
I once went on a diet for a week and then I gave up.
我曾经节食过一周，然后就放弃了。
2． First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were
forbidden.首先，他开列了一张长长的单子，上面列了所有禁吃的
食物。
（1）first of all 为固定短语，表示“首先”、“第一”：
First of all I must see your passport.
首先我必须看一下你的护照。
（2）write out 这个短语表示“（正式）写”、“写出”或“全部写
出”：
You should write out a report.
你应该写一份报告。
3． The list included most of the things Hugh loves镎庹诺プ由系
大多数食物都是休喜欢吃的镲
It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
里面装了5 大块巧克力和3 袋糖果！
include 和contain 都有“包含”的意思，但contain 可以用于表示所包
含的全部事物，include 则只表示其中的一部分：
It included three bags of sweets.
其中有3 袋糖果。（另外还有其他东西）contain 的主语通常为某个容器，include 则含义更广：
Does the bill include a tip?
账单包括小费吗？
We're including you in our team.
我们把你列为我们队中的一员了。
4． Yesterday I paid him a visit.昨天我去看望了他。
pay a visit to sb. 表示“拜访某人”：
I paid a visit to Jane the other day.
前几天我去看望了简。
5．颒ugh was still as fat as ever．镲休仍和往常一样胖。
as ever是as he ever was的省略形式。as颽s ever这个结构表示“照旧”、
“依然”：
He is as strong as ever.
他依然那么强壮。
6． It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.显然他感到很尴
尬。
it 为先行主语，真正的句子主语是that 引导的从句，它在句子中起名
词的作用。从句作主语时通常前面用先行主语it，以免句子看上去头重脚
轻：
It is certain now that he'll come on Monday.
现在可以肯定他星期一将会来。
语法 Grammar in use
一般过去时
在第3 课及第27 课的语法中我们都学习了一般过去时。在一段文字
中，初次使用一般过去时的时候通常要有明确的时间状语，随后的叙述
则可以不一定使用时间状语；如果不加before, after 等词语，过去的动作
就被认为是按所描述的顺序发生的：
One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a
storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
一天下午，她乘小船从海岸出发，遇上了风暴。天将黑时，小船撞
在了一块礁石上，姑娘跳进了海里。
Did you use your bicycle last week?
Yes, I cleaned it first and then I used it.
上个星期你骑自行车了吗？
是的，我先把它擦了一下，然后才骑的。
ì
í 镲
镲
与一般过去时常用的两个词是once 和recently：
He changed his job once, didn' t he?
Yes, he did. His wife wanted him to.
他曾经换过工作，是不是？
是的。他妻子想让他换。
ì
í 镲 镲
I went on an excursion recently.
最近我作了一次短途旅行。
recently 在表示“最近一段时期”时也可以与现在完成时连用：I haven't
heard from him recently.我最近没有收到他的信。
一般过去时也可以用于时间状语从句中：
When did she hear a noise?
She heard it when she walked forward.
Are they going to see a film?
I don' t expect so. They saw one last week.
她什么时候听到响声的？
她在向前走时听到的。
一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较时：
他们打算看一场电影吗？
我想他们不会。他们上个星期刚看过一次。
ì
í 镲
镲
ì
í 镲
镲
词汇学习 Word study
1． raise 与rise
（1）raise 作动词时只能作及物动词，即它必须跟宾语。它可以表示
“举起”、“往上提”、“使镲升高”等含义：
Will those who agree with me please raise their hands?
请那些同意我的人举起手来好吗？
Why did they raise prices?
他们为什么提高物价？
（2）rise 作动词时通常为不及物动词，表示“起立”、“起床”、
“（日、月等）升起”等含义：
You're still in bed and the sun has already risen!
你还在床上，太阳已经升起来了！
I used to rise at half past six.
我过去常常6 点半起床。
All the students rose when the teacher came into the classroom.
老师走进教室时所有的学生都起立。
2． lay 与lie
（1）lay的过去式与过去分词均为laid。它通常为及物动词，表示“置”、
“搁”、“铺”、“准备”等：
Please lay the book open on the desk.
请把书打开放在书桌上。
I laid your clothes on the bed so yon could put them away.
我把你的衣服放在床上了，这样你可以把它们收起来。
If you can't cook the dinner, you can at least lay the table.
你如果不会做饭，至少可以把桌子摆好。
（2）lie 的过去式和过去分词分别为lay 和lain。它是个不及物动词，
表示“躺”、“平卧”等：
Are you going to lie in bed all morning?
你打算在床上躺一上午吗？
Are you going to spend the whole morning lying in bed?
（译文同上）
We were so tired after last night's party that we lay in bed all morning.
昨晚的晚会之后我们非常疲劳，今天在床上躺了一上午。3． beat 与win
（1）beat 作及物动词时可以表示“打败”、“战胜”、“胜过”、
“超过”：
They beat their enemy, though they were fewer in number.
他们虽然人少，但打败了敌人。
表示一个球队打败另一个球队时也用beat。
（2）win 作及物动词时可以表示“在镲获胜（成功）”、“赢得”、
“获得”、“夺得”等：
Who won the race the war?
We have won(it).
/
谁赢了这场比赛／战争？
我们赢了。
ì
í 镲
镲
练习答案 Key to written exercises
1．关键句型练习答案
A got(1.1); decided(1.2);began(1.2); wrote out(1.3); included(1.4); paid(1.5);
rang(1.6);was not surprised (1.6); led(1.7); hid(1.7); asked(1.9); smiled(1.9);
put(1.9);explained(1.10); had to reward(1.10); showed(1.10)
2．难点练习答案
1 rose 2 lying 3 laid 4 rose 5 beats 6 win
3．多项选择题答案
1 b 2c 3d 4d 5d 6a
7 d 8 c 9 a 10 d 11 d 12 b
顶
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