7. 浪漫主义Romanticism

late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany

The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution

New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book <The Wealth of Nations>, which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.

Romanticism in Germany

The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism

Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism

It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress

The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck

Heine: <Book of Songs><Die Lorelei>海涅在1836年发表＜＜论浪漫派＞＞，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束

Romanticism in England

Blake: <Songs of Innocence><Songs of Experience><Preface to Milton>

The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge <Lyrical Ballads>

Byron: <Don Juan> is considered his masterpiece <Isles of Greece> the fact that the

poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed

an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny

Shelley <Ode to the West Wind> <Prometheus Unbound> noted for his lyrics

Keats <Ode to a Nightingale><Ode on a Grecian Urn>famous for his sonnets

Walter Scott <The Heart of Mid-lothian><Ivanhoe>

Romanticism in France

Chateaubriand :<Genius of Christianity><Atala><Rene>

Victor Hug 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的<Preface to

Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说

<Notre Dame de Paris> 巴黎圣母院　<Les Miserables>悲惨世界宣

扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day

George Sand:<Indiana>法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家

Romanticism in Italy

Manzoni: <The Betrothed>约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人

民为主人公的小说

Leopardi: <To Sylvia> he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism

Romanticism in Russia

Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry

Pushkin: <Euslan and Liudmila><Boris Godunov>俄国浪漫主义先锋(van) a

Byronic character his masterpiece is <Eugene Onegin>创造了俄国文学中

的第一个“多余的人“的典型

Lermontov:<A hero of Our Time> draws a fine portrait of Pushkin

Romanticism in Poland

Adam Mickiewicz: <Ballads and Romances> beginning of Polish Romanticism

                <Pan Tadeusz> is his masterpiece

Art and Architecture

Goya Spanish painter and etcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱<The Parasol><The

Execution of the Third of May><Family of Charles IV><Saturn Devouring his

Children>

David French Painter <The Death of Socrates><The Death of Marat>

Delacroix <The Massacre at Chios><Dante and Virgil> 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画

的最高成就

Gericault French painter<Raft of Madusa>

Turner English landscape painter

Constable English landscape painter

Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就

Music

早期浪漫主义音乐家：

Beethoven(贝多芬) German Composer <Symphony No. 6 (Pastoral> marked the

beginning of 19th century programme music

Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer

Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer

Schumann(舒曼)　German composer

Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer

后期浪漫主义音乐家：

Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer

Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer

Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer

Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer

Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer

8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义　Marxism and Darwinism

The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism

German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy:

Hegelian dialectics　黑格尔辩证法

Feuerbach’s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论

Marxist Philosophy

Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论

Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论

English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy

Capital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics

Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class

Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory

Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism

Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer

Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher

Charles Fourier: French social philosopher

Darwinism

As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton.

Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution

Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者）

Lyell English geologist

Karl Marx

Darwin’s works and Theories:

On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

The Descent of Man

9. 现实主义Realism

arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France

Realism in France

Stendhal 司汤达　<the red and the black>红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成

熟的作品<the charterhouse of Parma>巴马修道院

Balzac巴尔扎克Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been

called the English Balzac <The human comedy> <Le Pere Goriot>

Flaubert　福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist

<Madame Bovary> 包法利夫人

Zora 左拉founder of the naturalist school

<Les Rouge-Macquart>鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史

Maupassant 莫伯桑<the necklace> <the piece of string>

Realism in Russia

Gogol果戈里<Dead Souls> the first master of fiction in Russia

　　　Chickikov A character in <dead souls> Shame, and hypocrisy

Turgenev屠格涅夫the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West

　　　　<Hunter’s Sketches><Nest of Gentlefolk><Father and Son>

Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基<The house of death><Crime and Punishment>罪与罚　

<The Brothers Karamazov> 卡拉马佐夫兄弟

Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰<War and Peace>战争与和平

<Anna Karenina>安娜卡列尼娜<Resurrection>　复活

Chekhov契诃夫<The Seagull>海欧　<Uncle Vanya>万尼亚舅舅<The Three

Sisters>三姐妹<The Cherry Orchard>　樱桃园

Realism in Northern Europe

Ibsen <A doll’s house> a plea for the emancipation of woman

His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama

Strindberg <The Son of a Servant><A Fool’s Defence><Alone> The above three are

his autobiographical works His first play is <Master Olaf>

Realism in England

This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重

Charles Dickens <David Copperfield>大卫科波菲尔　<Bleak House>荒凉山庄

<Hard Times>艰难时世　其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节

与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合

George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) <Middlemarch> is regarded by some

critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century <The Mill on the Floss>

Thackeray萨克雷<Vanity Fair>名利场　他的写作范围多局限于上流社会

Thomas Hardy <Far from the Madding Crowd><The Return of the Native><The

Mayor of Casterbridge><Tess of the d’Urberyvilles><Jude the Obscure>

Bernard Shaw萧伯纳won the Nobel Prize in 1925 <Heartbreak House>

<St. Joan><Man and Superman><The Doctor’s Dilemma>

<The Apple Cart><Major Barbara><Pygmalion>

Realism in the United States

Harriet Beecher Stowe: <Uncle Tom’s Cabin>greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes

Walt Whitman: <Leaves of Grass><When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d>

Considered to be the greatest of all American poets

Mark Twain: <The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>哈克贝里芬历险记 a

masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been

considered the first modern American novel <The Gilded Age>镀金岁

月<The Adventures of Tom Sawyer><The Prince and the Pauper>

Henry James　出身世家，所以关注上层人物the master beyond all masters

           <The Portrait of a Lady>贵妇人画像

Art

Courbet库尔贝French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则

　　　　<The Stonebreakers>石工<Burial at Ornans>奥尔南的葬礼

Millet米勒French artist “农民画家”<The Sower>播种者<The Gleaner>拾穗者

Impressionism in Art印象派艺术

Manet <The Luncheon on the Grass>草地上的午餐

<Foliers Bergers>福列斯贝热尔酒吧间

Monet <Impression: Sunrise>日出印象

Post-Impressionism in Art　后印象派艺术

Paul Cezanne赛尚<The Boy in Red Vest> <Fruit Bowl><Glass and Apples>

Van Gogh　凡高<Starry Night><Sunflower><The Night Café> dutch painter

Paul Gauguin　高更<La Orana Maria><Vision after the Sermon> French painter

10. 现代主义及其它思潮　Modernism and other trends

also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century

Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century:

Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays　伦琴　德国物理学家发明X射线

Becquerel: the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium　贝克勒尔　法国物

理学家　放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质

Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人 法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭

Soddy the discovery of isotopes　索迪　英国放射化学家　同位素

Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福　英国物理学家发现原子核

Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity

Contemporary Western Literature

Eliot <The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock><Four Quartets><The Waste Land>

Conrad <Lord Jim> polish novelist

Woolf <Mrs. Dalloway><To the Lighthouse><The Mark on the Wall>

English novelist

Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction

         <Lady Chatterley’s Lover><Sons and Lovers><The Rainbow><Women in

Love> <The Lost Girl>

Yeats <Responsibilities><The Tower><The Winding Stair> Irish writer

Joyce <Ulysses><Finnegans Wake><Dubliners><A Portrait of an Artist as a Young

Man> Irish writer

Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement <Cantos> American poet

Faulkner <The Sound and the Fury><As I Lay Dying>

Hemingway <The Sun Also Rises><A Farewell to Arms><For Whom the Bell

Tolls><The Old Man and the Sea>

Thomas Mann <The Buddenbrooks><The Magic Mountain>

           The most influential and representative German author of his time

Gide <The Counterfeiters> French writer

Proust <Remembrance of Things Past> French novelist

Albert Camus <The Stranger> French novelist

Gorky<Mother><Childhood><My Apprenticeship><My University>

The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century

Sholokhov <The Quiet Don> soviet author

Literature and Philosophy Since 1945

Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年

Amis <Lucky Jim>

Osborne <Look Back in Anger>

Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代

Ginsberg <Howl>

Kerouac <On the Road>

Nouveau Roman (New Novel) 法国新小说派

Robber-Griller <Erasers><La Jalousie><Last Year at Marienbad>

Sarraute <Portrait of a Man Unknown>

The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派

Beckett <Waiting for Godot>Irish writer

Ionesco <The Bald Prima Donna> French writer

Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派

Heller <Catch-22)