5. 当不定式作宾语，其后又跟有宾语补足语时，应用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语应置于句末。常用于这一句型的动词有find, feel, think, consider, deem(相信，认为), make, believe等。

Do you consider it wise to ignore them?

I find it very difficult to study English well.

6. 以下动词常跟不定式的完成时作宾语：

seem              suppose            mean            wish              hope               expect

promise          appear               would           happen          pretend

I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我本打算打个电话，但后来忘了。

She wished to have come here last night, but she had no time.

注意：在美国英语中intended或had intended其后的不定式采用一般式就可表示希望，打算或意图未曾实现，不应用不定式的完成时，TOFEL考试将此评为错误。

I intended to come, but a heavy rain prevented me from coming.

I intended to write her a letter yesterday, but I forgot to because of the day and evening appointments that I had.

7. 以下短语常跟不定式的完成时作主补：

be believed/found/known/said/reported/supposed

be thought/understood…

He is said to have translated the book into Chinese.

You are supposed to have read the instructions.

8. deserve, need, require, want 前的主语为有生命的人或物时，后常接不定式。

She deserves to win because she was the best.

The boy needs to study hard.

注意：若主语为无生命的事物，其后常接不定式的被动式，动名词的主动式。

These flowers need to be watered at once.（… watering at once.）

This point deserves mentioning. (… to be mentioned.)

9. 当不定式与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，不定式又是不及物动词时，后面要加相应的介词。

He is a very good comrade to get along with.

We want to find a place to live in.

10. have与get后接不定式作宾补时，get后的宾补前应加to.

I’ll have a worker repair the door.

or:

I’ll get a worker to repair the door.

11. 不定式的逻辑主语

一般情况下不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

He studies hard to get high scores.

但有两种特殊情况：

1) 由for引出逻辑主语。

This is a very difficult for us to answer.

2) 如果形容词是指行为的性质又同时指行为的人即表示人的性格、特征等，由of引出逻辑主语，常见的形容词有：

kind                                foolish              good             wise              stupid              honest

brave                              wrong               right             considerate    rude                bold

nice                                impolite             courageous    wicked          clever              silly

It’s kind of you to give me so much help.

It’s foolish of you to behave like that.

(二) 动名词

1. 以下动词常接动名词作宾语
admit      advise        anticipate      appreciate     avoid 

cease    consider   delay  deny    dislike   enjoy   escape   

favor   finish   fancy    feel like    forgive     keep

imagine   suggest   understand    miss    resume   quit

postpone     risk    acknowledge practice   mind   hate
 

We shall appreciate hearing from you again.

Would you resent her interfering in your business?

2. 动名词用在these is no use/no sense(没道理)/no harm(不妨)/no point(没道理)/no fun(没意思)结构中。

There is no use going to see her today, she is busy.

There is no point (in) trying to persuade him to do anything.

3. 动名词用在It’s no use/no fun/no harm/no picnic(有困难、有麻烦)结构中，但it’s of no use 应接不定式。

It’s no fun milling around, for it is raining.

It’s no picnic having to take care of 5 children all day.（……可不是玩儿的。）

It’s no good doing so many things.

It’s of no use to help him, he doesn’t listen to you.

4. 动名词用在以下结构中：

have no business in          have difficulty in                    take pleasure in

spend time/money in        waste time in     have a trouble in

take/ have a difficult/hart/good time in        take turns at  take risk in

I have difficulties in distinguishing between “sit” and “seat”.

She took great pleasure in getting to that peak.

5. 形容词worth, busy后接动名词。

Don’t bother her. She is busy preparing for her lessons.

Knowledge is worth working for.

6. 动词feel like/can’t help 后接动名词。

When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.

He doesn’t feel like taking a walk.

7. 以下短语后常接动名词，其中的to是介词：

 

 
look forward to               adapt to                                attend to    amount to         

confess to                       commit to         consent to     devote to       see to 照料

turn to求助于                 live up to           lead to           apply to         object to

resort to                          react to             contribute to  belong to

Tom confessed to having cheated in the exam.汤姆承认考试舞了弊。

What he had done led to his mother’s worrying about him.

8. 动词advise, admit, allow, bear, forbid, permit, intend, recommend, like, consider, understand, attempt, plan, etc.既可接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语。

Will you permit me to smoke?

We do not permit smoking in the office.

They admitted having seen us.

They admitted him to be lazy.

9. 动词begin, start, prefer, continue, love, like, hate, etc.接不定式和动名词作宾语意思差别不大。

She began to study English at the age of 8.

She began studying English at the age of 8.

10. 以下动词跟不定式，动名词的意思差别很大。

1)remember to do sth 记住要做某事

remember doing sth 记得做过某事

I remember seeing her somewhere.

I’ll remember to bring you the book.

2)forget to do sth 忘记要做某事

forget doing sth 忘记曾经做过某事

I forgot giving her the key.

3)regret to do sth 对尚未做的事表示遗憾

regret doing sth 对做的事表示后悔

I bitterly regret having told him the story last night.

I regret to say that I’m very busy.

4)try to do sth 尽力做某事

try doing sth 试着做某事

I’ll try to finish the job as soon as possible.

I tried standing on my head but it gave me a headache.

5)mean to do sth 打算做某事

mean doing sth 意思是；意味着

I meant to write to you, but I was ill.

I’ll learn how to row(划船) even if it means practicing all day.

6)stop to do sth 停下（某事）去做……

stop doing sth 停止做某事

I stopped to speak to the captain of the ship as I wanted his advice.

I stopped smoking when I started to train for the Olympics.

7)go on to do sth 做完某事接着做另一件事

go on doing sth 继续做某事

The speaker, having finished his main theme, went on to talk about minor problems of sailing.

Let’s go on discussing of the Chinese Communist Part.

11. 动名词的逻辑主语

1）当逻辑主语为无生命的或较长名词时，只能用普通格，不用所有格。

Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an offer?(较长)

We are opposed to the idea of weapon being everything and man nothing.

2)当逻辑主语为不定代词或指示代词时用宾格，不用所有格。

I object to that being said about me.（指示代词）

He was awakened by someone knocking on the window.（不定代词）

3)当逻辑主语是指物的it时用宾格或所有格，指时间时用宾格。

She was worried about the little bird. She was frightened of it/its building a nest in the chimney.

“It’s eight o’clock already. ”

“I’m surprised at it being so late. ”（三）分词

1．使役动词have, make, get, let, feel, find, hear, see, watch, want, wish等后可接过去分词作宾补，表示动作由他人完成。

When you speak, you must make yourself heard.(他人听见)

I shall have the windows cleaned before I put up the new curtain.

I wonder if she could get it done tomorrow.

I heard it said that he will quit his present job soon.

2．当现在分词或过去分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，分词可带连词

when, while, although, as if etc.

Although born in China, she is the most famous for her stories about New York City.

He is lying on the floor, as if knocked down by someone else.

When heated, water can change into vapor.

She was singing English songs while reading.

3．独立结构

当句子的主语不是分词的主语，分词自带有主语时，称为分词的独立结构。独立结构在句子中作状语表时间、原因、伴随等。being 在独立结构中常省略。

The meeting (being) over, they went to the park. (时间)

The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank! (原因)

Her eyes filled with tears, she did not see him enter. (伴随)

He came into the room, his face (being) red with cold. (伴随)

Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing. (条件)

介词with 也常用来引出独立结构。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning.

With all factors considered, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.

4．现在分词的完成、被动形式与过去分词的区别

1）现在分词的完成时表示主动意义，过去分词表示完成被动意义。

Having finished my exercises, I went out. (=When I had finished my exercises, I went out.)

Finished (=When it has been finished), the book may have 400 pages.

2）现在分词的完成被动式既表完成又表被动时，可与过去分词互换。

Having been given (=given) such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

3）不及物动词的现在分词表进行；不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。

He found a girl standing under a tree singing. (进行)

We found him gone. (完成)

4）及物动词的过去分词有时只表被动，不表完成；有时既表被动又表完成。

Spoken English (被动)                                  a broken glass (完成，被动)

5）现在分词的被动式强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成。

The question discussed (= which has been discussed) at the meeting is very important.

The question being discussed (= which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.

 

倒装：

（一）用于以下副词或连接词开头的句子：

here, there, now, then, out, down, in, up, only, often, thus, so well, off, away, twice, many a time, not only… but also, etc.

Then came the results we had long hoped for.

Twice within my life have world war taken place.我一生中经历了两次世界大战。

（二）as引导让步状语从句有以下句型：

1．    名（形、过去分词）+ as + 主语+ be 或其他动词

Child as he is, he knows a great deal.

Small as a drop of water is, it is a big world of atoms.

Hunted as the wild turkey is, it is no use doing so.

       2. 副词（动词）+ as  + 主语+动词

              Much as I like this book, I like others better.

              Try as they may, they will never succeed.

（三）be用于让步从句时，采用部分倒装。

Be it late, I must finish this work.

All substances, be they gaseous, are made up of atoms.

（四）no matter how, however引导的状语的语序为：No matter how/However + adj./adv. + 主语+动词。

However hard he tried, he still failed in the entrance exams.

However great our achievements are, we mustn’t be conceited.

（五）地点状语后若有动词lie, live, sit, stand等时，可采用倒装，此时必须注意主谓一致。

Under a tree is standing an old man.

On each side of the high way were hundreds of billboards(露天大广告牌) advertising everything from modern motels to roadside stands that sell fresh fruit and bedspreads(床罩).

（六）主语很长为了使句子平衡，常常采用倒装。

Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.

（七）下列表示否定意义的介词短语置于句首，应倒装：

on no consideration               by no means

in no case         in no way      in vain at no time 

under no circumstances         on no account 

by no stretch of the imagination 怎么也想不到
 

On no account are you to touch those electric appliances.

By no means will I go with him.

（八）以only +状语（副词、介词、从句）+句首的句子：

Only then    only at that time            

only once   only by    only when

Only after  only in this way           

only through          only because, etc