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学习英语词汇及百科知识的又一利器--Wikipedia(2008-12-16 21:07:12)

  几年前就知道Wiki了,但是一直未加好好利用,深以为憾。
今日为查证一词汇的准确用法,google返回Wiki上一条专业文章,
阅后立刻理清了思路,辩明了真伪,欢欣鼓舞之余,想写下来供
同好讨论。
  事情的缘由是这样的,一位女性朋友自名为Vivien,我第一
次看到这个拼写(原谅我的浅陋),以为是Vivian之误,于是提
出质疑,她告诉我她以前叫Vivian,可是一个外国人说Vivian只
用于男性,相应的女名应该是Vivien,于是她立刻改名为Vivien
并且以此为荣,认为很多中国女孩都用错了名,还是一个劲儿地
称自己为Vivian这一阳刚味十足的名字。
  我颇为疑惑,立即google查询。果然片刻间找到了一篇文章
专门谈Vivian与Vivien,观点与这位朋友的如出一辙:
http://blog.earlzhang.com/others/232/  以下引用几段该
文观点:

 

  新认识一个女孩,拿到她的名片,赫然看到英文名字是
Vivien。

  一阵激动。赶忙问"怎么会想起到用Vivien做英文名字的?",
得到的答复是"看到就用了,没什么原因",不由有点失望。

  之所以激动,因为这是我遇到的第一个以Vivien而非Vivian
作为英文名字的女孩,失望则是原来这不过是个巧合。

  打开大多数人的MSN,估计昵称叫Vivian的肯定有,而且往
往还不是一个。这个名字在都市白领中,绝对属于高频英文名字,
而且几乎清一色是用于女性。

  但是--这实际上该是一个男用名,只在很少的场合才会用作
女用名,这个词对应的女用名形式该是Vivien。这也是为何我看
到取名Vivien的女孩时会一阵激动--我原以为找到了真正了解这
两个名字真正用法的人。

 

  后文还列举了牛津英文字典对Vivian和Vivien的释义,证明
Vivian应该用于男性。我仔细阅读了这2段英文释义,还查看了其
etimology,并未发现明确“Vivian只能是男用名”的规定。相
反,其Vivian释义中还有一句明明说的是“女用名”--As a
woman's name it has sometimes been used as an Anglicized
form of the Irish Gaelic name Béibhinn meaning 'white
lady'.

  因此,我更加疑惑,但为了尊重作者的工作,不敢立刻得出
反对的结论,也开始打开我拥有的所有字典,可是查不到Vivian。
上google再查,找到wiki上一篇专门讨论unisex names的文章,
其中豁然便有Vivian及其变体的讨论:

 

1、Vivian最初的确是男名:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian
Vivian is originally a male given name that has recently
become popular for Asian females. It is commonly traced
to Saint Vivian, a 5th century French bishop and saint,
who defended his country against the Visigoths. For the
etymology of that name see Vivienne.

People carrying the first name Vivian:

  
2、Vivian现在是一个unisex名,即男女通用名:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisex_name
A unisex name, also known as an epicene name, is a given
name that is often given to either a boy or a girl. Some
countries, however, require that a given name be
gender-specific (see German name). This list does not
cover names in cultures where the names are often not
gender specific, which is common in many cultures. For
example, some African tribes have unisex names, and so
do cultures which use names which are derived from
properties, such as the Amish or many cultures in India.

Some names that were once predominantly used as
masculine given names are now primarily feminine given
names, including Alexis, Ashley, Beverly, Carol, Evelyn,
Hilary, Jocelyn, Meredith, Shirley, Shannon, Sharon, and
Vivian.

 

Vivian (Vivien, Vivienne, Vyvyan) commonly considered
female, male examples include Vivian Stanshall; a
character on the 1980s British comedy television program
The Young Ones; Vivian Darkbloom, Vladimir Nabokov's
acronym alter-ego; and Viv Anderson (full first name
Vivian), the first black footballer ever to play in a
full international for England.

(阅读整篇论文还可学到更多英文取名、常见英文名起源、演变
等知识)

  由此可见,“Vivian只能是男用名”这个观点是站不住脚的,
作者得出这一结论显然是没有做过大量研究而草率判断,那位由
Vivian改为Vivien的朋友也犯了肓从的错误。顺及,我们中国人
学英语往往“唯英语本族人士”马首是瞻,认为他们说的关于用
词、句子、发音、文化等意见都是真理,这是一种盲从。以英语
为母语的人在说话时比较主观的不在少数,就好象我们中国人在
教外国人中文知识、词汇和文化时也会犯“以点带面,以偏概全”
的错误一样,外国人的话不一定就没有错误。最好的办法还是查
字典、查网络权威资料。Wiki就是这样一种资料,answers.com
也是又一利器。

  这个事例让我重新认识到Wiki的价值,对于中国人学英语来
说尤其重要,因为我们往往觉得很多中国概念找不到准确英文
对应,查大多数字典也无法找到答案,查网络又会面临浩如烟海
的信息无所适从,怎么办?查wiki和answers.com吧,你会找到
答案。不过,前提是你必须掌握了这个中文特定概念可能对应的
英文关键词,或者能够从其意义中搜索定位到一些关键词进行查
询。
   例如,查询中文“虫草、贝母、松葺”的准确英文对应,
就可以利用wiki。
  好了,做实验之前我们来用一下“手工查询方法”,假定你
根本对虫草的英文对应“caterpillar fungus”一无所知,此时
就得用google先锁定关键词,方法是查询“虫草+一个你能想到
的与‘虫草’这一概念相关的一个概念”,你想到了么?“虫草”
不就是一味中药么?你可以输入“虫草+chinese herbal
medicine”试一下,果然看到了“caterpillar fungus”,如果你

不知道这就是准确的英文对应,那么就在wiki里查询caterpillar

fungus吧,你会很快找到答案,并且学到了很多相关词汇:


Caterpillar fungus, Vegetable Caterpillar or Yarsagumba
is a Chinese medicine product that is a result of a
parasitic relationship between a Cordyceps fungus and a
moth caterpillar, (usually Thitarodes) in Tibet,
southwestern mountains of China, and neighbouring areas.
As the fungus invades, it grows off larvae and the end
result is desiccated caterpillar shell, with a fungal
fruiting body attached. It is known in the West
primarily from its use in Traditional Chinese medicine,
where it is a prized ingredient.

  你学到了:parasitic, Cordyceps, moth, Thitarodes,
larvae, desiccate.

 

  同理,查贝母:得Fritillaria,上wiki,查得一大篇关于
“贝母”的学术文章,里面豁然便见Fritillaria的中文名:

They are listed as chuān bèi (Chinese: 川貝) or zhè b
èi (Chinese: 浙貝), respectively, and are often in
formulations combined with extracts of Loquat
(Eriobotrya japonica). F. verticillata bulbs are also
traded as bèi mǔ or, in Kampō, baimo (Chinese/Kanji:
貝母, Katakana: バイモ).
(呵呵,wiki中引用的“中文字”的是繁体)。

 

关于贝母的一段介绍:

 

Fritillaria is a genus of about 100 species of bulbous
plants in the family Liliaceae, native to temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name is derived
from the Latin term for a dice-box (fritillus), and
probably refers to the checkered pattern, frequently of
chocolate-brown and greenish yellow, that is common to
many species' flowers. Collectively, the genus is known
in English as fritillaries; some North American species
are called missionbells.

  查松葺:得matsutake,也可说一个简单的:pine mushroom,
或者简写为mattake.这个字在常用字典上当然是查不到的,包括
金山词霸,但它就是一个正确的英文。你拿去测试外国人,也有
可能他不明白,因为他不了解中药,但是一定可以在国外医药类
期刊中或者在学医的外国朋友中得到证实。

Matsutake (Japanese: 松茸, pine mushroom, Tricholoma
matsutake = syn. T. nauseosum) or, shortly, Mattake is
the common name for a highly sought after mycorrhizal
mushroom known to grow in China, Japan, Korea and a
handful of other places around the world. It has been an
important element of Japanese cuisine for at least 1,000
years[citation needed]. The tradition of mushroom giving
persists today in Japan's corporate world, and a gift of
matsutake is considered special and is cherished by
those who receive it.

  查wiki的一大好处是,很多名词还配有相应彩色插图,可供
我们准确定位目标英文词。比如,你查到的caterpillar fungus
所配的插图是这个图片,还有何理由怀疑这个英文的准确性呢?

 

  当然,这样去查询是非常累的,想偷懒的人不必采用了,不
过,要学好英语,不辛苦是不可能的。做任何事情,不辛苦,能
成功么?我一直在找不辛苦也能成功的秘笈,很遗憾,找了30多
年也没有找到。:)

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