神州飞天 Apsaras Outlook

1、take a chair, take the chair

take a chair是"拿一把椅子" 坐一会儿"的意思。例如：He has just taken a chair into the room.他刚才拿了一把椅子进了房间。Won't you take a chair?你请坐一会儿，好吗？

take the chair是一个习惯用语，表示"担任主席，主持会议"的意思当然，在一定场合，它也可以表示"拿（这）把椅子"的意思。例如：We hope you will be so kind as to take the chair.希望你会乐意主持这次会议。Who took the chair at the conference?那次会议谁担任主席？Please take the chair out.请把这把椅子搬出去。 　

2、take...as, take...for

这两个关联短语都是指"把...看作，把...当作"的意思，但含义有所不同。

take...as是一般地看待某人或某物，相当于regard...as。例如：They take us as little kids who count for nothing.他们把我们看作是无足轻重的孩子。We mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter.我们不应当把成败看作是个人的事。

take...for有把某物或者人错看成或错当成的含义。例如：At first they took him for a foreigner. Several months later, they came to know he is a true Chinese.开始他们都把他当成外国人，几个月后，他们才知道他是一个真正的中国人。Do you take me for a fool who believes that tale?你是不是把我看成个傻瓜，以为我竟会相信那种谎言？ 　

3、take note, take note of, take notes (of)

take note是动名型短语动词，可用作不及物或及物动词。作前者时，一般独立使用；作后者时，通常其后接不定式或that从句。其意义和作用相当于take care,即表示"注意，留心"的意思。例如：Take note, keep children away from the water's edge.注意，勿让孩子在水边逗留。Take note not to wake the baby.留神，别把孩子吵醒了。Please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south of China.请注意，这座城市是在华北，不是在华南。

take note of是动名介型短语动词，作及物动词用，其后须跟名词，代词等作宾语，其作用和意义相当于pay attention to。例如：Your remarks have been taken careful note of, and I hope we'll soon reply to each of them in detail.你的讲话已受到充分注意，我想不久以后逐一详细答复。Nobody took any note of the old man's death.没有谁注意到那老人死了。

take notes表示"记笔记"的意思，用作不及物动词；take notes of意为"把...记下来"，其后须跟所记下的内容，作宾语。例如：He spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without missing something of what he said.他讲得太快，要把他的话毫无遗漏地记录下来是困难的。Do you take notes of the lectures?你听课记笔记吗？Since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to take detailed notes of everything the professor said.由于这个课程没有课本，学生们只好详细记录教授的讲课内容。 　

4、take the place of, take place

take the place of是"代替"的意思。若所代替的对象是代词，则通常采用take one's place的形式。例如：Electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working people.电子计算机代替了千万个人的劳动。Last night, our monitor didn't come and I was asked to take his place.昨晚我们班长未到，大家要我代替他。

take place表示"发生，举行"的意思，是不及物短语动词，不可用被动语态。它仅用于历史上的事件，集会等，而不用于地震等自然界的现象。它常可与happen换用。例如：In 1919,the May 4th Movement took place in China.1919年，中国爆发了五四运动。Battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy losses.战斗一个接一个地进行，在这些战斗中敌人蒙受了重大损失. 　

5、tell...of, tell...about, tell...from

tell...of和tell...about中的动词tell后须接表示人的名词或代词，介词of和about后接谈到的情况或内容，这两个词组在一般情况下可以换用。但在表示提起某事时，倾向于tell...of,在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于用tell...about。例如：She told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her work.她给我们谈了谈她在工作中碰到的困难。We must tell them of/ about our decision.我们应当把我们的决定告诉他们。He told us about the present situation.他给我们谈了当前的形势。

tell...from表示对好坏，优劣，真假或两种事物加以 "区分"的意思。其中tell后的宾语与介词from后的宾语一般都是一对相反或相近的意义的词。例如：Can you tell her from her twin sister?你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗？But through practice one can tell the true from the false.但通过实践我们可以区别真伪。 　

6、terrified of, terrified at 这两个词组中的terrified均为形容词化的过去分词，同连系动词be连用。 terrified of是"害怕"的意思，相当于afraid of, 其后可接名词，代词或动名词，表示原因。例如：The child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。 She was terrified of being killed in an air raid.她很害怕在空袭中被炸死。

terrified at后除可接名词，代词或动名词,表示"因听到（看到）...而害怕"。常有terrified at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示"想到...而惊恐，想象...而惊恐，展望...而惊恐"等意思。例如：She was terrified at the deafening explosion.她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。The old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。 　

7、title, topic, subject, theme

theme："主题，论题，题目"，指人们为了进行文学或艺术方面的论述而选取的主体，如诗的思想，主张，乐曲的主旋律或绘画的基调，它与subject, topic的区别在于它有时暗示在立意，形式，效果等方面进行了比较，如an overworked theme（老生常谈的题目）指立意上与别的作品相比并无新意。This is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity of modern life.这是一个以现代生活的庸俗为主题的个人画展。The graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.研究生们写了以人类的意志力为主题的一系列论文。

title："标题，题目"，指书，绘画，剧作等创作作品的名称；还可讲作"头衔，称呼，权利"。短语：an essay under the topic of 题为...的文章。例如：It was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind to buy it.正是这醒目的书名才使我下决心买下这本书。This is a picture that requires no title; I think everyone knows what the author really wants to show.这是一幅无需任何标题的图画，我相信人人知道作者想展示什么。

topic："话题，题目，主题，论题"，指人们普遍感兴趣或对之持有不同观点，因而可供讨论的题目，也指为了对之进行独特而有创意的论述而选择的话题，可指整篇作品的主旨，也可指某个章节，段落乃至单句包含的要点。The topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style must be improved.你文章的题目很好，但拼写及风格必须改进。I cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been touched upon and what has not.我不记得在拖得很长的谈话中什么话题涉及到了，什么没有涉及。

subject："题目，主题"，在这组词中词义最广，最不确切，泛指在某一范围内的主题，以及取舍并处理某种材料的指导原则，涉及面广，概括性强，一般包括若干topic。例如：When someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy class.有人按门铃的时候，他还在为第二天哲学课所讨论的主题寻找资料。He chose "A Reform in Teaching Methods" as the subject of his lecture.他选择"教学方法的改革"作为讲话的题目。 　

8、though, although

这两个词都有"虽然"之意，均不能与but连用，但可加yet, still等词以加强语气。

although："尽管，虽然"，只作连词，较正式，一般情况下可以用though替代。He passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from some classes.虽然他曾因病耽误了学习，但他考试还是及格了。Although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.他虽然身负重伤，但坚持不下火线。

though："虽然，尽管，即使"，还可以与even连用，even though即使，纵然。作副词时，一般不能置于句首，译作："然而，不过"，相当于nevertheless。I can see that New York must seem dull to her though the family won't admit it.我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味，虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。She won't leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for his supper.即使丈夫等着吃饭，她也不愿离开电视机。 　

9、thoughtful, considerate

这组词均有"周到的"之意。

considerate："周到的，体贴的"，指对他人的感情或处境周到，能设法减轻他人的悲伤或分担他人的苦恼。常用句型：It's considerate of sb. to do;常用词组：be considerate towards / about sb.对...体贴的。It was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your mother had a bad headache.你在母亲头痛得很厉害时不弹钢琴，真是考虑得非常周到。He was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates bend to his will.他对人很客气，体贴，不迫使固执的属下服从他的意愿。

thoughtful："体贴的，关怀他人的"，指无私地关心他人，为他人的安逸，舒适着想，能推测了解到别人的愿望或需用。常用句型:It's thoughtful of sb. to do;常用词组:be thoughtful about/ for 对...（考虑）周到的。It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.你们考虑得很周到，为我们做好了一切必要的安排。It was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.你来之前先通知我，真是考虑周到。

10、thanks for, thanks to

这两个短语中的thanks是名词，实际上可看作I'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由于它们常用在口语中，尤以简洁为宜。

thanks for中的介词for表示原因。其后须接名词或动名词，表示"感谢"的缘由。例如：A thousand thanks for your kindness.非常感谢你的善意。Well, I must be going now. Thanks for your time.我得走了。谢谢你为我花费了时间。

thanks to中的to为介词。它有两种意义和用法：一是表示"谢谢"的意义，其介词to后须接表示人的名称或代词，即"谢谢"的对象；二是作短语介词用，表示原因，其后须接名词，代词或动名词，常译为"由于，因为"或"多亏"的意思。例如：You helped me a lot. Many thanks to you.你给予了我许多帮助，非常感谢你。It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game.正是由于你的愚笨害得我们输了这场比赛。Thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam.多亏有位好老师，她才通过了考试。 　

11、the reason why, the reason that

这两个短语中的why和that分别引导的都是同位语从句，它们均表示"...的理由（或原因）"的意思，两者可以通用。例如：The reason why/that it should be so is now clear.应当如此的理由现在清楚了。The reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.唯心论和形而上学之所以被认为是真理的障碍是因为它们阻碍对真理的科学的探讨。

值得注意的是the reason why/that后接表语从句时，多数语法学者认为应该用that引导，有的语法学者则认为用because引导也是可以的。以下是摘录的原文例句：The reason why I am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because I happen to have seen them all just recently.我今晚之所以谈这么多的影片是因为我恰好最近都看过。The reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on the railway.他之所以迟到是因为火车出了故障。 　

12、three weeks ago, three weeks before

这两个词组均属于"一段时间＋副词"结构。类似的说法还有five years ago, five years before; two days ago, two days before等。 "一段时间＋ago"是以现在为准，表示"自今...前"的意思，它常与一般过去时的动词连用。若状语是"since＋一段时间＋ago"结构，或者谓语有情态动词，动名词或虚拟语气等，其句子有时可用完成时态。例如：Several million years ago， our country was covered by thick forests.几百万年前，我们的大地被茂密的森林覆盖着。He has been there since two weeks ago.两周以来，他一直在那儿。He must have seen the film two days ago.他两天前一定看过这部影片。I remember meeting you somewhere two years ago.我记得两年前在哪里见到过你。I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago.我原以为他二十年前就去世了。

"一段时间＋before"是以过去某时候为准，表示"那时的...前"的意思。常用于过去完成时。例如：Mr. Li went abroad in 1978. I had met him two years before.李先生1978年出国的，在那两年前我见过他。When I visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the college three years before.当我去拜访她时，她告诉我她是三年前从那所大学毕业的。 　

13、till, until till和until

都可以用作连词和介词，用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时，只与持续性动词连用，表示"到...为止"。用于否定句时，通常与瞬间动词连用，也可与持续性动词连用，表示"直到...才"的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互换用。例如：We waited for him until/till six o'clock.我们等他到一直等到六点钟。The pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor comes.学生们等到班主任一到就开始开会。They didn't talk until/till the interpreter came.直到译员到，他们才交谈。He did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was wrong with the pipes.他检查水管，确准它们没有毛病，才去睡觉。

当until用于句首时，一般不能用till代替。在以not开始的从句或短语里，till一般也不可代替until，而且这种句式要用倒装语序。例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.直到比赛的最后一分钟，我们仍然坚持奋战。Not until he had finished his work did he go home.他直到把工作做完，才回家去。 　

14、tiresome, tiring, tired

这三个形容词均可用作定语，表语或补语。

tiresome和tiring都表示"令人讨厌的，令人疲乏的"的主动含义，其行为主体或所修饰的词多为事物，有时也可以是人。两者一般可以换用。例如：The job is tiresome (or: tiring).这工作真累人。That is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk.那是一次令人厌倦的谈话。He is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow.他是个令人讨厌的家伙。

tired的意思是"疲倦的，劳累的"，其主语或者所修饰的词通常是人。它还有"厌倦"的意思，其后常接介词短语。例如：He has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired.他工作了一整天，感到非常劳累。The tired man has gone to rest.那个疲惫不堪的人休息去了。Such a long lecture would make the audience tired.这么冗长的讲话会使听众感到疲乏。 　

15、to date, up to date, up-to-date

to date是介词短语用作副词，在句中作状语，通常用于句首，意为"到目前为止，到现在为止"。up to date也有这一意义和用法，这时，两者可以通用。例如：To date (or: Up to date) twenty students have been accepted into the school.到目前为止已有二十名学生被接受入学。Up to date (or: To date) we have no news of him.到现在为止我们还不知道他的消息。

up to date起形容词的作用，一般在句中作表语或补语，定语通常用up-to-date。它们均表示"最新的，现代化的，最近的，符合最新发展的"的意思。例如：That car is a beauty and quite up to date.那辆小汽车式样美观，新颖。He is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在这个学科上，他一向掌握最新的情报。The yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date.逐年的增补使这部词典的内容能随时跟上形势的发展。What he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching.他使用的是一种最新的语言教学法。