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纵览地球——从云端到海底

(2007-06-05 05:23:53)
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英语

自学

 1.Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream. They are establishing systems to monitor our entire planet continuously, from the outer fringes of the atmosphere to the deepest seabed. They even are beginning to track the grinding of rock upon rock that generates earthquakes.
地球科学家们开始将以前被认为是不可能实现的梦想变为现实。他们正在建立可以持续不断地监控我们整个地球的系统,上至大气外层边缘,下至海床最深处。他们甚至开始追踪导致地震产生的岩石间的摩擦。
live =追求;
once=曾经;
considered=考虑过的;
impossible=不可能的;
establish =建立;
system=系统;
monitor =监控;
entire=整个;
planet =行星(这里指地球);
ontinuously=不断地;
from…to…=从…..到….;
outer=外部的;
fringe =边缘的;
atmosphere=大气;
deepest =深,deep的最高级;
 seabed =海床;
track =追踪;
grinding =磨擦的;
generate=产生, 发生 ;
earthquake =地震;
Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream:地球科学家们现在开始追求他们曾经认为一个不可能的梦想

2. They are linking communications systems to shunt these data to whomever can work them into useful knowledge. Often this now can be done in minutes instead of hours, days, or weeks. An unprecedented cooperation is developing among nations so that earth scientists will no longer look at our planet in the old, fragmented way.
科学家们正在将各个通讯系统连接起来,从而将收集到的数据资料传输给任何可将其转化为有用知识的使用者。这项工作现在往往只需几分钟而不是几小时、几天或几星期就能完成。一项空前的合作正在各国间展开,从此以后地球科学家们再也不需要用陈旧和零敲碎打的方式来研究我们所在的行星了。
link….to… =连接….到….;
communications=通信;
system=系统;
shunt =并联;
data=数据;
whomever =任何人,whoever的宾格形式;
work into=为某人制造机会;
useful =有用的;
knowledge =知识;
instead of=而不是;
unprecedented=空前的;
cooperation =合作;
among =在...之中;
so that =以便;
no longer =不在;
fragmented way=零敲碎打的方式,fragmented成碎片的;

3. These technological developments have brought humanity to the brink of "great opportunities," said American Geophysical Union president John Orcutt at a meeting of the group last week in San Francisco. A few of many instances of such opportunities presented at the meeting illustrate this.
美国地球物理学会主席约翰"奥克特在该组织上周于旧金山召开的会议上指出,这些技术上的发展已使人类十分接近“大好机遇”。这次会议上介绍了与这些机遇相关的许多实例,其中几个说明了这一点。
technological=科技的;
bring….to=使得;
humanity =人类;
opportunity =机会;
brink =边缘;
opportunity=机会;
geophysical=地球物理学的;
union=协会;
president=主席;
group=组织;
last week =上星期;
Instance=实例;
present=介绍;
illustrate=举例说明

4. Scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., where Dr. Orcutt is deputy director, have developed a way to use the worldwide seismic observing network to image earthquake ruptures. Within 30 minutes or less, they can trace the entire crustal rupture that produces a quake anywhere in the world. This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing the quake epicenter. "This is important for tsunami warning systems in which you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake," explains Scripps scientist Peter Shearer.
由奥克特博士任副所长的加利福尼亚拉霍亚市斯克里普斯海洋研究所的科学家们已经开发出一种利用全球地震监控网络来形象地描绘地表断裂的方法。在30分钟或更短的时间内,他们就能完整地追踪到地球上任何一处导致地震的地壳断裂带。这一信息比仅仅确定震中的位置要有价值得多。斯克里普斯的科学家彼得"希勒解释说:“这对于海啸预警系统来说很重要,因为在预警过程中,不仅仅需要知道震源所在,而且需要了解地震波的路径”。
institution=协会;
oceanography =海洋学;
Dr.=博士;
deputy director =副主管;
deputy=代理人;
director =主管;
develope =发展;
worldwide=全世界的;
seismic= [地]地震的;
observe=观察;
network =网络;
image =想象;
earthquake =地震;
rupture=断裂;
within =在...之内;
less =更少,little的比较级;
trace=追踪;
 entire =全部;
crustal =地壳的;
quake =地震;
merely =仅仅;
pinpoint=查明;
epicenter=震中;
tsunami=海啸;
original =来源;
最初的;
location=场所;
This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing the quake epicenter.当你阅读到一句话中,有more的时候,去发现后面有没有than

in which的用法简介:
本段中的This is important for tsunami warning systems in which you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake,来看看句子的演变
A:This is important for tsunami warning systems海啸预警系统说来很重要
B:you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake in tsunami warning systems在海啸预警系统中,你不仅仅需要知道震源所在,而且需要了解地震波的路径
两个句子的相同部分是tsunami warning systems,把B中的相同部分用which代替
C:This is important for tsunami warning systems
D:you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake in which
因为D中的which不在句首因此要【移位】到句首,因原來的 in tsunami warning systems 是「一起」用来表示 you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake 「动作发生的场所」,故要「一起移位」:
E:This is important for tsunami warning systems
F:in which you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake
而后再将第F句,放在 E句「相同部分」的后面
G:This is important for tsunami warning systems in which you need to know a path--not just the original location---of an earthquake
由上面的例句变化过程,即可容易地了解,which前加了in/on/at 的用法,实际上就是在尚未合并前,在相同部分前已有这些「介词」之故,而通过合并句子所造出来了G句。

5. Meanwhile, in North America, the EarthScope project is establishing a continent-wide network of GPS locators, seismographs, and other instruments to study what's happening below the crust.
与此同时,在北美开展的“地球透镜”计划正在建立一个包括全球定位系统定位仪、地震仪和其他仪器所组成的洲际范围的网络,以研究地壳下面的活动情况。
meanwhile=其间;
EarthScope =地球透镜, Scope透镜;
project =计划;
establish=建立;
continent-wide=洲际范围,continent大陆,wide宽阔;
network=网络;
GPS=Global Position System, 全球定位系统;
locator=定位器;
seismograph=地震仪;
instrument=器械;
below =在...下面;
crust =外壳;
这一课动词时态很多处采用了现在进行时。
 …the EarthScope project is establishing………“地球透镜”计划正在建立一个……现在进行时, 描绘一个工作场景

6. The network, which will cover the United States and reach into Canada and Mexico, is beginning to track the interaction of the two great crustal plates that respectively carry the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Its prime feature is an observatory in Parkfield, Calif, which has placed instruments nearly two miles deep into the Earth right up against the San Andreas fault to record every creep(爬),rattle(发出嘎吱声), and grind(摩擦声). The goal is "to get into the heart of this earthquake machine" and test scientists' speculations as to how it works, says William Ellsworth, a geologist with the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.
该网络将会覆盖美国并延伸至加拿大和墨西哥。目前,它正在追踪分别承载太平洋和美洲大陆的两大地壳板块之间的相互作用情况。其显著特色是设在加州帕克菲尔德市的一个观测站,它在圣安德列亚斯断层的正上方距地表近两英里处,安装了各种仪器,用来记录这里的每一次地壳移动、撞击和摩擦情况。加州曼罗帕克美国地质勘探局的一位地质学家威廉"埃尔斯沃斯表示,这样做的目的是为了“深入这部地震机器的中心地带”,并检验科学家们关于其活动情况的各种推测。
cover =覆盖;
reach into=延伸;
track =追踪;
interaction=交互作用;
crustal=地壳的;
plate=板块;
respectively=分别地;
carry =承载;
pacific =太平洋;
ocean =海洋;
continent =大陆(文中指美洲大陆);
prime=显著;
feature=特色;
observatory=观测站;
the Earth right= 地表,right正面;up against =面对;
the San Andreas =圣安德列亚斯;
fault=断层;
record=记录;
goal =目的, 目标;
speculation =推测;
as to =关于;
work=运转;
with =是…的成员;
Geological Survey=地质勘探局;

7. Networks of satellites already on orbit or soon to be launched are beginning to provide detailed observations of the workings of the atmosphere, ocean, and continental crest over the entire planet. These data are shared globally through an unprecedented cooperation among 58 nations called the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
由已经进入轨道或是即将发射的卫星所形成的网络已开始提供有关整个地球的大气、海洋和陆壳运动情况的详细观测资料。这些数据资料通过由58个国家参与、名为“全球对地观测系统”的空前合作实现全球共享。
satellite=人造卫星;
already =已经;
orbit =轨道;
soon =不久;
launch =发射;
provide =提供;
detailed=详细的, 逐条的;
observation=观察, 观测;
 continental =大陆的;
crest =顶部;
entire=完整的;
unprecedented=空前的;
cooperation =合作, 协作;
global=全球的;

8. Orcutt noted that it will take high-volume high-speed communications to make the most of such sharing. Such a system, now under development, will shunt data a thousand times faster than current "high speed" broadband Internet links. Orcutt added that a strong commercial incentive exists to develop this system. It would allow movie studios, for example, to transmit a digital motion picture directly to theaters, where it could be shown in real time.
奥克特指出,要最大限度地利用这种共享,需要依靠大容量、高速度的通讯系统。正处于开发阶段的这一系统将会以比现在的“高速”宽带因特网连接快1000倍的速度传送数据。奥克特还补充说,开发这个系统存在巨大的商业动机。例如,它将使电影制片厂直接将数字电影传输到电影院并实现实时放映。
note=指出;
take=拿;
high-volume=大容量;
high-speed=高速度;
communications =通信;
development =开发;
shunt =分流;
current =当前的;
broadband=宽带;
link =链接;
add=补充;
commercial=商业的;
incentive=动机;
 Exist=存在;
movie studio=电影制工作室, studio工作室;
transmit =传输;
digital=数字的;
motion picture =电影,motion 动作;
directly =直接地;
theater=电影院;
real time=实时;

进行态往往被认为只是表示一个进行的动作,其实这只是一个表面现象,进行态更多的含义在于给人一种生动的画面感。 我们可以形象地比喻:使用一般态像听录音机,使用进行态则像看电视机,而后者所具备的功能正是画面,这恰恰是一般态和进行态的不同之处。第二,进行态给我们的是一种暂时性。
理解以上两点是非常重要的。
时态是一种非常灵活的语言现象。我们汉语中在时间上的表达方式与英文完全不同。英文动词时态的变化不仅仅是一种时间概念,它还带有不同的情态(即包含了说话的人或是作者的内在情绪,情感,目的等等)。所以,在做练习时,并不是简单对和错的问题,而是哪个时态更好。必须同时注意“时”与“态”两个方面,结合上下文及情景,细心体会,方能真正掌握。
比如本课的作者实际上是在描绘一幅蓝图,展示人类目前利用现代科技探索自然的辉煌成绩,就像是在给我们放科幻片,多处使用了“beginning正在开始”、“establishing正在建立”、“happening正在发生”,这样让我们有了深处画面中的感觉,正是为了给我们这种感觉作者才用了现在进行时。
 
再举例:
1:一般现在时―――My wife always watches TV in the evening.我老婆晚上一般是看电视(说明事实,写妻子的一个习惯)
现在进行时―――My wife is always watching TV in the evening. 我老婆晚上总是一直在看电视(表示对妻子看电视的行为不满)
由于进行时态给人刺激较强,当需强调时,我们也常常用进行时态来表达,同时和always, certainly, simply等副词连用,常有某种感情色彩。
2:过去时――――Do you know your girl friend had dinner with a guy in the restaurant yesterday evening?你的女朋友昨天晚上和一个小伙子在餐馆一起吃饭,你知道吗?(说明过去发生的事实)
过去进行时―――Do you know your girl friend was having dinner with a guy in the restaurant yesterday evening? 你知道不知道你的女朋友昨天晚上在一家餐馆是和一个小伙子在一起吃饭?(这句话完全可以用过去时表达,但是说话人用了过去进行时,想要达到的目的就是刺激听者!小心你女朋友的行为啊….)

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