变革中国高等教育“生产关系”:
理性思考与战略选择(1)
发表于《高等教育研究》,2006年第12期,第32-39页。
摘
关键词:高等教育;制度变革;生产关系
中图分类号:
Production Relations Transformations of Public Higher Education in China:Rational Cognition and Strategic Measures
WANG Jianmin1
( School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)
Abstract: It is required by “the law of production relations being adapted to the characteristics of productive forces” to transform China’s production relations of public higher education. The purposes of the transformations lie in changing the administration mode over the public higher education and the institution’s managers as well as the structure and mechanism being based on by the managers in conducting operation. Better way of the transformation could be induced institutional changes under moderate coercive forces. At macro level, it could be considered to implement the policies --- “to manage the large ones well while ease control over the small ones, to supervise different level with different ways and to regulate and control by policy measures”. In micro governance, the central and provincial-level governments should follow the rules focusing on guidelines, policies, direction, coordination and services. Let the higher institutions become real independent corporation. Teachers should be employed by stages, including life-long employment, long-term employment, term-progression employment and short-term employment. In performance evaluation, characteristics of organizational performances of higher education should be taken in to account – long term, incorporeity and difficult measures. Differentiated institutions of salary and benefits should be built up and put into practice gradually.
Key words:
2006年7月,哈尔滨工业大学校长王树国,在上海参加“中外大学校长论坛”期间再次疾呼:“中国的高等教育,继续这样下去是要出问题的”。王树国指出,上世纪七十年代末,邓小平解决了当时中国最大的问题——农民温饱问题。邓小平解决问题的办法,不是动用国家财力补贴农民,而是变革生产关系。把旧的农村生产关系变成联产承包责任制,问题迎刃而解。王树国认为中国的 “高等教育也需要变革生产关系,从而解放它的生产力”。
中国的高等教育“继续这样下去”不一定会出什么大“问题”。但是,要做到“让人民群众满意”,一定会需要更加长久的时间。变革“生产关系”,解放“生产力”,可能是实现中国高等教育发展战略目标,唯一正确的选择。
谈论高等教育的“生产关系”变革问题,有必要考虑学理上的合法性。生产关系是马克思主义经典作家创造的概念。马克思主义理论家基于物质资料生产提出的概念和规律,同样适用于非物质资料生产。教育是重要的非物质生产活动,适用于非物质生产活动的概念和规律,同样适用于教育生产活动。教育活动具有“生产一般”的全部特征,是现代经济学意义上的生产活动。教育的产出主要是人力资本——以人为载体的知识、技能和态度。在市场经济条件下,竞争机制和价格制度等市场经济规律,对教育生产活动会产生一定程度的影响。[2]高等教育是高层次的教育生产活动,遵循非物质生产规律。这意味着,当高等教育的“生产关系”成为高等教育“生产力”发展的桎梏时,只有变革“生产关系”,才能够解放生产力,建立效率更高的“生产方式”,实现高等教育质量提高和可持续发展目标。
本文拟就变革中国公立高等教育“生产关系”问题展开初步讨论,探讨基本问题,阐释思想路径,提出战略选择建议。如有不妥之处,请学界同仁批评指正。
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