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陈国华教授教你地道英语搭配(2007-11-13 10:02:10)
标签:学习公社 名师讲座 北外 陈国华 英语搭配 北外网院 分类:园丁四季之歌

 

生在中国,长在中国,我们在学习英语的过程中最容易犯的毛病可能就是不自觉地说出一口“中式英语Chienglish”。如何在英语环境欠缺的情况下运用好英语搭配,说出一口地道的英语?北外陈国华教授将在这期的名师讲座中告诉我们答案。

 

 
Collocation is the way words combine to produce natural-sounding speech and writing. Natural. (地道搭配方显语言精髓。)
 
For example, In Chinese, we say … we have the words贫穷。贫and穷, they are synonyms同义词, they mean the same, okay, but we say贫农instead of穷农. we say穷人instead of贫人. So although 贫and穷are synonyms, they collocate differently. So 贫and农are collocates搭配词,穷and人are collocates. These are collocations. Languages differ in the way words collocate. (汉语说话也讲究搭配。搭配不当,就会闹出“穷农”和“贫人”的笑话。)
 
Also in Chinese, 大and小can collocate with风and雨. we say大风大雨,小风小雨, 小风吹来,小风小雨. We might make ourselves understood if we say to an English speaker big wind, big rain, small wind, small rain. We can make ourselves understood, but it does not sound natural English. It’s Chinese English. (机械地把汉语的习惯搭配,翻译成对应的英文,如此翻译会被讥笑为“中式英语”。)

A good English learner’s dictionary usually lists some of the common collocates of the headwords. But the collocational information provided in ordinary dictionaries is sometimes not very sufficient.(目前大多数英语学习者手边的字典都不能充分地列举丰富的英语搭配用法。)
 
For example, in Chinese we say浓汤、汤浓,对不对? we also say茶,这个茶很浓,浓茶。And we say喝汤,喝茶. Sometimes we also say吃茶; in some dialects, we say吃茶. Maybe in Guangdong, 吃早茶. That’s another matter. But usually we say喝汤、喝茶。What about English?Can we say …What .. er .. What is 浓 in English? Do you know? There are more than one word. (汉语里有“浓汤”、“浓茶”,但是汉译英时,这个“浓”字对应的却不是一个英文单词。)
 
Actually the Chinese words 浓茶,浓汤these two浓are not the same. Although … Although …we …  If we do not pay attention, we might think they are the same. But if we want to find the antonyms we will know these two 浓 are different. The opp- ..The opposite of 浓汤 is 稀汤. The opposite of 浓茶 is not 稀茶. It’s 淡茶,清茶. So we know浓there are two ... the word 浓 in Chinese has two meanings. So in English they make a difference between these two words. (虽然“浓汤”和“浓茶”所用的都是同一个“浓”字,但是“浓汤”的反义词是“稀汤”,而“浓茶”的反义词是“淡茶”。由此可见,同一个“浓”字具有两个不同的含义。翻译成英文的时候,“浓”也应该对应为两个不同的单词。)
 
But how do we know what English words collocate with 茶 and 汤?Tea and soup. We can consult the collocation dictionaries and see what it tells us. This is what it tells us in the collocation dictionary, the Oxford Collocation Dictionary.
(为大家推荐一本专门侧重英语搭配的字典,即"Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English"《牛津英语学生搭配词典》,目前这个字典在卓越网有售http://www.amazon.cn/detail/product.asp?ref=BT&prodid=zhbk923483&uid=000-0000000-0000000)
 
Let’s look at the word “soup”. Soup is a noun. And usually it gives two kinds of collocations: adjectives and verbs. (通过翻阅上面提到的《牛津英语学生搭配词典》,翻到"soup"页,我们可以看到与"soup"搭配的可以是名词和动词。)
 
(soup在英语搭配字典中的解释显示如下:
soup noun


· ADJ. chunky, creamy, hearty, thick […]


· VERB + SOUP […] have We had a cold cucumber soup as a starter. | drink, eat (Eat is the normal verb when the soup is served in a bowel.))
 
So we know the adjectives “chunky, creamy, hearty, thick” collocate with soup. What is chunky soup? Soup里头有很多块儿,有很多菜、肉成块的。Creamy?粘粘的,奶油味很足的。Hearty? I bet you don’t know the word hearty soup. Hearty丰盛的,有很多好东西在里面hearty soup,and thick soup. So we know the word “thick” collocates with soup.(我们可以学到与soup搭配的几个形容词,从中,我们发现“浓”字可以用"thick"来形容。)
 
How about verbs? The verb that collocates with soup is have. The first is have. We had a cold cucumber soup as a starter. 饭前的一个starter. Then drink, eat. We can drink soup and eat soup. And very importantly, it says eat is the normal verb when the soup is served in a bowl.放在一个碗里, 盛在碗里的soup, then to eat soup is a normal verb rather than to drink. (soup可以与动词have, drink和eat搭配。其中,饮用盛在碗里的汤,要用动词eat。)

(tea在英语搭配字典中的解释显示如下:
tea noun


· ADJ. […] stewed (= very strong), strong | weak | cold […]


· VERB + TEA drink  I don’t drink tea. | have | sip, swallow


[…])
 
And let’s look at tea. The adjectives that collocate with tea are stewed. 煮得很浓的,if you boil, then the tea is very strong. Not boiled tea but stewed tea. Strong tea, weak tea, cold tea, etc. So we know浓茶is not thick but strong.(我们可以学到与tea搭配的几个形容词:stewed, strong, weak, cold。其中,“浓茶”用"strong"来形容。)
 
And the verbs that collocate with tea? Drink. I don’t drink tea. Have, I’m having tea. Sip抿一抿、尝一尝、小口喝, swallow咽. These are common verbs that collocate with tea. So from these two entries, we can see English people say thick soup but strong tea. They say drink or have tea or soup.(tea可以与动词drink, have, sip和swallow 搭配。)
 
But if the soup is served in the bowl放在碗里, they normally say “eat soup”. Why? Because … Maybe because English people at the dinner table do not normally hold up the soup bowl and drink it directly from the bowl. They think it is not good table manners. (前文提到过,英语很少说drink soup,而是说eat soup。这主要同他们的餐饮文化与习俗有关。)
 
Actually it is not difficult to imagine. For example, plate盘子, we do not normally hold up a plate and eat, right? To English people, a soup bowl is something like a plate. You have to use your spoon and to eat the soup spoonful by spoonful. 一勺一勺地喝。They consider it ill mannered to drink it directly from the soup bowl. (因为他们习惯于拿着勺子舀汤喝,而不是端着碗直接灌,所以他们把喝汤称作eat soup。) 
 
As we do not live in an English environment, our knowledge of English collocations is often rather limited. To speak and write natural English, owning and consulting a collocation dictionary is essential. Such information usually is not provided in other dictionaries, even in Chinese-English dictionaries. And also this concerns… this concerns the cultural difference between English-speaking countries and Chinese countries. I think to them, they can drink directly from a cup or glass … glasses. Only such utensils 这种容器 you can use it to drink from directly.(单词搭配的差异从侧面反映出中外文化的差异。如果你没有在英语环境中生活过,你是很难接触到地道的英语搭配的。这时候,一本英语搭配字典将成为你的好帮手。)
 
陈教授在这次讲座中着重强调的几组英语搭配用法:
浓茶:strong tea


浓汤:thick soup


喝茶:drink/have tea


喝汤:eat/have soup
 

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附:陈国华简介

  陈国华,北京外国语大学教授、博士生导师,中国外语教育研究中心主任。2001年为北京2008年奥林匹克运动会申办委员会主译《北京2008年奥林匹克运动会申办报告》英文版

 

教育背景

1990-1996 英国剑桥大学英文院,博士生。

1985-1990 北京外国语大学外国语言研究所,在职博士生。导师:许国璋。

1982-1985 北京外国语大学英语系,硕士生。

1975-1977 加拿大卡尔顿大学、渥太华大学交换学生。

1969-1974 中国人民解放军洛阳外国语学院英语系,本科生。

 

工作经历

2000.3-北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心,副教授

(2000.3-8),教授(2000.9-),主任(2002.3-)。

1991.1-1998.12.

英国剑桥大学东方研究院,辅导教师(1991.1-1996.6),代课讲师(1993.1-1995.6,1998.10-12)。

1985.2-1990.1北京外国语学院外国语言研究所《外语教学与研究》编辑部,编辑(1985.2-1988.3),副主(1988.4-1990.1)。

1983.2-北京外国语学院英语系,代课教师(1983.2-7);北京外国语大学英语系,讲师(1996.10-1997.8),副教授(1997.8-2000.8),教授(2000.9-),副主任(2000.7-2002.3)。

1975.1-1982.1解放军洛阳外国语学院,助教。

 

学术职务

北京外国语大学主办《外语教学与研究》杂志编委会委员(2000年至今)

中国社会科学院语言研究所主办《当代语言学》杂志编委会委员(1999年至今)

北京外国语大学主办《英语学习》杂志编委会委员(1999年至今)

美国大学委员会(College Board)和美国教育测试中心(ETS)主办《爱普国际英语考试》(Advanced Placement International English Language)命题委员会委员(1998至2002年)

 

著作(1997-)

·2002,谈英语能力标准的制订,《外语教学与研究》第34卷第6期。

2002,《老子》的版本与英译(与轩治峰合写),《外语教学与研究》第34卷第6期。

·2002,导读 ,载于Jean Aitchison, The Seeds of Speech: Language origin and evolution(言语的萌发:语言起源与进化)。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

·2002,汉语量词的语法化(与金福芬合写),《清华大学学报》第17卷增1期。

·2001,人称指示视点的选择及其语用原则(与陈辉合写),《当代语言学》第3卷第3期。

·2000,《红楼梦》和《石头记》:版本和英译名,《外语教学与研究》第32卷第6期。

·2000,导读,载于D. Biber, S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad & E. Finegan, Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English(朗文英语口语和笔语语法)。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

·2000,导读。载于Denis Freeborn, From Old English to Standard English(英语史:从古代英语到标准英语)。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

·2000 ,《英语史:从古代英语到标准英语》导读,《外语教学与研究》第32卷第5期。

·2000, The grammaticalization of concessive markers in Early Modern English. In Pathways of Change: Grammaticalization in English (Studies in Language Companion Series), ed. by Olga Fischer, Anette Rosenbach and Dieter Stein. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

·1998, The degrammaticalization of addressee-satisfaction conditionals in Early Modern English. In Advances in English Historical Linguistics, ed. by Jacek Fisiak and Marcin Krygier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

·1998,莎士比亚,载于李公昭主编、高继海副主编,《新编英国文学教程》。北京:世界图书出版公司。

·1998,The Stage as a Mirror, 载于顾曰国主编 English Through Literature: Help Yourself to a BA Course Series(《文学阅读与欣赏:“专升本”高级英语自学系列教程》)。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。

·1998,王佐良先生的彭斯翻译,《外国文学》第2期。

·1997,普遍唯理语法与《马氏文通》,《国外语言学》第3期。

·1997 ,论莎剧重译(上),《外语教学与研究》第2期。

·1997 ,论莎剧重译(下),《外语教学与研究》第3期。


翻译(1997-)

北京2008年奥林匹克运动会申办委员会,2001,《北京2008年奥林匹克运动会申办报告》(中英对照版),北京外国语大学翻译(陈国华主译,无个人署名)。北京:奥林匹克出版社。

Laurence MacPhee,1997,《赫尔曼?梅尔维尔的《白鲸》(Herman Melville’s Moby Dick),王克非、白济民、陈国华译。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。


审订(1997-)

《中国高中英语学习词典》,陈国华审订。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003。

霍庆文、董明、Ann Atkinson(主编),《中国小学英语学习词典》,陈国华审订。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001。

霍庆文、董明、Ann Atkinson(主编),《中国初中英语学习词典》,陈国华审订。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2001。

Aderson, R.G.W.,《大英博物馆》,Atlas Translators 译,陈国华审校。伦敦:大英博物馆出版社,1998。

国际会议


2000,压缩空范畴(与赵晓辉合写),第8届当代语言学研讨会,广州。

1997,王公译彭斯 ,国际翻译研讨会,北京。

1997,The grammaticalization of concessive markers in Early Modern

English, 第8届历史语言学国际会议,德国,杜塞尔多夫。

 

目前主持的研究项目

《中文详注第一对开本莎士比亚》,注者包括彭宇、李玉英等,计划由上海外语教育出版社出版。

《汉译第一对开本莎士比亚》,译者包括蒋坚霞、傅浩、李如茹等。计划由上海外语教育出版社出版。

《中国学生中级英语学习词典》,陈国华、蒋祖康、吴一安、周燕等,计划由外语教学与研究出版社出版。

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