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Following, including, providing, supposing, cons

(2009-05-21 16:34:37)
标签:

英语

非谓语动词

特殊用法

牛津

杂谈

       Following, including, providing, supposing, considering,included, given等词的特殊用法初探

           江苏省丹阳六中    史方志

一.Following, including, providing, supposing, including, considering等词在中学英语教科书中除了分词的用法外,还出现了其他的一些用法,请看:

1.The following year, she began interviewing important people, such as Dr Henry Kissinger, and discussing social issues.(SEC, Student’s B2A,P.92) 第二年她便开始采访像亨利·基辛格那样的要员,与他们讨论社会问题。

这里的following不是现在分词,而是形容词,“接着的”意思,例如:

It rained on the day we arrived, but the following day was sunny.我们到达的那天正下雨,但次日天气晴朗。

作为形容词,following 还可表“下述的”意思,例如:

Please answer the following questions.请回答下列问题。

following还可作介词使用,“在某事之后;由于”的意思,例如:

The workers demonstrated following the murder of the union leader.继工会领袖遭谋杀后,工人们举行了游行示威。

following还可作名词使用:

①“一批支持者或拥护者”的意思,例如:

Our party has a large following in the south.我党在南方有一大批拥护者。

② “下列;如下”的意思,例如:

The following is of greatest importance.下面一点最为重要。

The following are extracts from the original article.下面是原文节选。

2.  providing

providing可做“连词”使用, “假若”之意,例如:

Providing that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 假若没有人反对,我们将在这里开会。

3. including

including则是介词,“包括,包含”之意,例如:

Thirty passengers were hurt , including five children.三十个乘客受伤,其中包括五个孩子。

3.  supposing

supposing  连词, “假若”之意,例如:

Suppose/supposing it rained, we would still go.如果下雨的话,我们还是要去。

5. considering

considering 则别有洞天,请看例句:

①Considering his age, the little boy read very well. 考虑到这个小孩的年龄, 他读得还是很好的。这里的considering为介词,“考虑到”之意。

②They have done well considering (that) they have no experience.考虑到他们没有经验,他们干得还是很好的.

这里的considering是连词,“考虑到”的意思。

③He does very well, considering. 依各种情况看,他干得很好。

这里的considering则是副词,语义上等于:“considering circumstances, 考虑到各种情况”。

值得提醒读者的是,V+ing如果不是分词,其逻辑主语与句子主语一般不一致,但作为分词,其逻辑主语务必与句子主语保持一致。例如:Considering the conditions in the office, she thought it wise not to apply for the job .考虑到办公室的条件,她认为不申请这份工作是明智的。

这里句子的主语she 便是considering的逻辑主语,用从句来表达应是:When she considered the conditions in the office, she….

二.Given,included, provided等词在中学英语教科书中的特殊用法,请看:

1. given

①Given these facts, why are architects and artists asked to create new art works? (SEC, Student’s B2A,P.99)考虑到这些事实,为什么还请建筑师和艺术家创造新的艺术作品呢?

这里的given不是过去分词,而是介词,“考虑到”(take sth. into account)的意思,例如:Given her interest in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.考虑到她喜欢孩子,我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。

②given也可做“连词”使用,例如:

Given that he is interested in study and research ,the headmaster recommended him to be in charge of  the teaching research.考虑到他对教育科研感兴趣,校长推荐他去负责教科室。

③given还可用作形容词,在句中通常做定语,“确定的;规定的”意思,例如:

They were to meet at a given time and place.他们要在规定的时间、地点会晤。

2. included

①Except for some short songs and poems included in his plays, all of Shakespeare’s greatest poems are sonnets. (SEC, Student’s B2A,P.105) 除了莎士比亚戏剧中的短歌短诗以外,莎士比亚的全部伟大的诗作都是十四行诗。

例句中的included 不是过去分词,而是形容词,“包括,包含”之意,例如:

②The dictionary is 50 yuan, postage included.这本词典50圆钱,邮费包括在内。

3.provided

provided conj. 也可作连词,用法同providing,例如:

I will go, provided that you go there too.我将到那里去,如果你也去那里的话。

主要参考书:

1.  Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ,first edition,1978

2.  牛津高阶英汉双解词典,牛津大学出版社,第四版

3.  新英汉词典,上海译文出版社,1974

4.  牛津现代高级英汉双解词典,牛津大学出版社,第三版

5.  新英汉用法词典,高中卷,吉林教育出版社,包天仁主编

本文发表在《英语辅导报》05-06年度高中教师版  

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