theodore的博客

    Unit 2

    Words to know

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    Leader, lead
    to guide," O.E. lædan "cause to go with one, lead," causative of liðan "to travel," from W.Gmc. *laithjan
    ga-lidan "to travel," Goth. ga-leiþan "to go").
    Meaning "to be in first place" is from c.1380
    记忆：Leg   advance  向前   

    Border, bord  board
    .1350, from O.Fr. bordure “edge, border,"
    from Frankish *bord
    The geopolitical sense first attested 1535,
    The Borders, district adjoining the boundary between England and Scotland
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    worship
    O.E. worðscip, wurðscip (Anglian), weorðscipe (W.Saxon) "condition of being worthy, honor, renown,"
    from weorð "worthy" (see worth) + -scipe (see -ship).
    Sense of “reverence 敬拜 paid to a supernatural or divine being" is first recorded c.1
    比较： awe   [ɔ:]     n. 敬畏

    Memorial, memory
    1374 (adj.) "preserving the memory of a person or thing;" 1382 (n.) "something by which the memory of a person, thing, or event is preserved, monument," from L.L. memoriale, lit. noun use of neut. of L. memorialis (adj.) "of or belonging to memory," from memoria "memory" (see memory
    Memory, mind
    c.1250, from Anglo-Fr. memorie, from L. memoria, from memor "mindful, remembering,"
    from PIE base *men-/*mon- "think." Computer sense is from 1946
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    Unlike, like
    Like:    "having the same characteristics or qualities" (as another),
    M.E. shortening of O.E. gelic "like, similar,"
    from P.Gmc. *galikaz "having the same form," lit. "with a corresponding body“
     a compound of *ga- "with, together" + *likan "body“
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    Temple,  
    building for worship," O.E. tempel, from L. templum “ building for worship,"
    Commonly referred either to PIE base *tem- "to cut," on notion of "place reserved or cut out," or to PIE base *temp- "to stretch," on notion of cleared space in front of an altar.
    Fig. sense of "any place regarded as occupied by divine presence"
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    Greek,  grey, gray /ei/
    from L. Græci "the Hellenes," from Gk. Grakoi. Aristotle, who was the first to use Graikhos as equivalent to, derives it from Graikhos "inhabitant of Graia" (lit. "gray"), a town on the coast of Boeotia, which was the name given by the Romans to all Greeks,
    Meaning “unintelligible speech,
    adj. 灰色的, n. 灰色(的)
         v. 变成灰色 [=gray],  70年代的北京最该叫--
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    annual
    1382, from L.L. annus "year,"
    from PIE *at-no-, from base *at- "to go," on notion of "period gone through"
    akno- "year, holiday, time of offering").
    Annual salary 年薪
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    Ceremony, rite
    .1380, from M.L. ceremonia, from L. cærimonia "awe, reverent rite,“
     an obscure 不容易看出的、费解的 word, possibly……
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    Characteristic, character
    character : c.1315, from Gk. kharakter "engraved mark," from kharassein "to engrave,”
    本意：刻的印记，   因此“汉字”译为-
    Meaning extended by metaphor to "a defining quality.”
    Sense of "person in a play or novel" is first attested 1664,
     Characteristic is from 1664
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    Leadership, leader, lead
    o guide," O.E. lædan "cause to go with one, lead," causative of liðan "to travel," from W.Gmc. *laithjan
    ga-lidan "to travel," Goth. ga-leiþan "to go").
    Meaning "to be in first place" is from c.1380
    记忆：Leg   advance  向前   
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    manual
    1406, from L. manualis "of or belonging to the hand,“
    from L.L. manuale "case or cover of a book, handbook,“
    Meaning “a concise handbook” of any sort is from 1533. 手册
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    split
    1590, from M.Du. splitten, from P.Gmc. *spl(e)it- (cf. Dan., Fris. splitte, O.Fris. splita, Ger. spleißen "to split"), from PIE *(s)plei- "to split, splice" (see flint).
    U.S. slang. Of couples, “to separate分居, divorce" from 1942,
    记忆：死不离特（婚），死不理他


    Rail, railroad, -way, regulate
    bar," c.1320, from L. regula "straight stick,"
    1757, from rail (n.1) + road. Originally "road laid with rails for heavy wagons (in mining)." The system itself seems to have been in use by late 17c. Application to passenger and freight trains dates from 1825, in England railway (1812).
    Regulation,  规矩，   
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    Speaker, speak
    1303, "one who speaks," agent noun from speak (q.v.).
    First applied to "person who presides over an assembly" c.1400, from Anglo-Fr. (1376).
    Speak: O.E. specan, Ger. sprechen "to speak”
    Chen 陈 （汉语中说的意思，例如：陈述）
    Beak   [bi:k]     n. 鸟嘴
    引自鸟喙, 汉语比喻：哨（鸟叫，人说）
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    Represent£¬representative
    1375, "to bring to mind by description," from O.Fr. representer (12c.), from L. repræsentare,
    from re-, intensive prefix, + præsentare “to present,” lit. “to place before” (see present (2)). 代表Meaning "to symbolize, to be the embodiment of" is from c.1380.
    Representative:  1378, from L. repræsentare,
     Meaning "standing for others"
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    union
    1410, "action of joining one thing to another," from L.L. unionem (nom. unio) "oneness, unity, a uniting,“
    from unus "one," from PIE *oinos (see one).
    Sense of “action of uniting into one political body” is attested from 1547. 结社
    Meaning “group of people or states” is from 1660 联合会，工会 trade - 之简称
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    Civil, civic,
    1387, from L. civilis "of or proper to a citizen,“
    civis "townsman" (see city).
    The sense of "polite" was in the L., from the courteous manners of citizens, as opposed to those of soldiers.
    Civic,  本田 思域 （市民）
    Civilizazion  文明（游戏名）
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    economy
    c.1530, "household management," from L. oeconomia,
    from oikos "house“ + nomos "managing,“
    The sense of "manage the resources of a country" (short for political economy) is from 1651
    经济， 经世济民
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    Presure, press
    1382, "act or fact of pressing on the mind or heart," from O.Fr. pressure (12c.), from L. pressura "action of pressing,"
    From premere "to press" (see press (v.1)).
    Scientific sense in physics is from 1660. The verb meaning "to exert pressure on" is attested from 1939, Amer.Eng.
    Pressure cooker is attested from 1915; fig. sense is from 1958.
    press
    "push against," c.1300, from O.Fr. preser (13c.), from L. pressare "to press,"
    pressus, p.p. of premere "to press, hold fast, cover, crowd, compress," from PIE *prem-/*pres- "to strike."
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    congress
    1528, from L. congressus "a meeting, hostile encounter,"
    pp. of congredi "meet with, fight with,"
    from com- "together" + gradi "to walk," from gradus "a step" (see grade).

    territory
    1432, "land under the jurisdiction of a town, state, etc.,"
    probably from L. territorium "land around a town, domain, district,"
    from terra "earth, land" (see terrain)
    terrain  ['terein]     n. 地带,地域,地形
    terrace  ['terəs]     n. 平台,阳台,梯田



    Withdraw, draw
    c.1225, "to take back," from with "away" + drawen "to draw,"
    possibly a loan-translation of L. retrahere "to retract." Sense of "to remove oneself" is recorded from c.1300.
    Draw: O.E. dragan "to drag, to draw" from PIE base *dhragh- (see drag). Sense of "make a line or figure" (by "drawing" a pencil across paper
    I
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    ndivisual£¬divide
    "a single object or thing," 1605, from M.L. individualis, from L. individuus "indivisible,"
    from in- “not” + dividuus “divisible,” from dividere “divide  不分开的，一个
    Divide: c.1374, from L. dividere "to force apart,
     from dis- “apart” + -videre “to separate,“
    Wide:     adj. 广泛的,宽阔的


    Federal,
    1645, as a theological term, from L. foedus "covenant, league" (gen. foederis), related to fides "faith"
     Meaning "pertaining to a treaty" (1660)
    led to political sense of "state formed by agreement among independent states" (1707
    fidelity  [fi‘deliti]     n. 忠实,忠诚
    Hi-Fi, 高保真（音响）

    preserve
    1375, from O.Fr. preserver, from M.L. preservare "keep, preserve,"
    from L.L. præservare "guard beforehand," from L. præ- "before" + servare "to keep safe"
    The noun sense of "fruit preserved with sugar" is from 1600;
    preservative  [pri‘zə:vətiv]     adj. 防腐的
         n. 防腐剂

    Infinite, infinitive, finite
    c.1385, from L. infinitus “unbounded, unlimited,” from in- “not” + finitus “defining, definite,”      from finis “end (字幕，剧终)
    Infinitive:  simple, uninflected form of a verb," 1520, from L.L. infinitivus
    finite  ['fainait]     adj. 有限的
    our finite fossil 化石燃料 fuel reserves.  我们有限的矿物燃料贮量



    Capable, capture
    1561, from L. capax "able to hold much," adj.
    form of capere "to take, grasp, lay hold, catch, undertake,
    “ from PIE *kap- ”to grasp”
    有能力的，手大者为能人
    Capacity,   [kə‘pæsiti]     n. 能力,容量
    capture  ['kæptʃə]  v. n. 抓取,战利品,捕获之物



    Generous  gene
1588, from L. generosus "of noble birth,"
    from genus (gen. generis) "race, stock" (see genus).
    Originally "of noble birth," secondary senses of "unselfish" and "plentiful" were both present in Fr. and perhaps in Latin.
    gene  [dʒi:n]     n. 基因

    Opponent, pose
    1588, from L. opponentem "oppose, object to, set against,“
    from ob "against" + ponere "to put, set, place" (see position).
    pose  [pəuz]     n. 姿势,姿态,装模作样
    v. 摆姿势,装模作样,提出...讨论


    Thoughtful, thought, think
    from stem of þencan "to conceive of in the mind, consider" (see think).
    Thoughtful "given to thinking, meditative" is attested from c.1200;
    sense of "considerate of others" is first recorded 1851
    þencan "conceive in the mind, think, consider, intend
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    Treatment, treat
    Treat:  from L. tractare "manage, handle, deal with," originally "drag about," frequentative of trahere (pp. tractus) "to pull, draw“
    Meaning “to entertain with food and drink by way of compliment or kindness (or bribery)” is recorded from c.1500  （盛情）招待

    Hatred, hate
    c.1175, from M.E. hate (see hate) + rare suffix -red, from O.E. ræden "state, condition,“
    O.E. hatian "to hate," from P.Gmc. *khatojanan
    prosession
    1103, from O.Fr. procession  "religious procession,"
    in classical L. "a marching onward," from procedere (see proceed).
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    Processional “
    Verb process  [prə‘ses]     n. 过程
    v. (流水线)加工,  vi. 列队前进
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    former
    earlier in time," c.1160, comparative of forme "first," patterned on formest "foremost" (see foremost).
    foremost  ['fɔ:məust]     adj. 最初的
adv. 在最前面
    First and foremost, I think you should 首先
    but first and foremost he's a teacher
    who is the foremost writer in the English language
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    Parade, patrol, ped
    1656, "an assembly of troops for inspections," from Fr. parade "display, show, military parade,“
    Non-military sense of "march, procession" is first recorded 1673.    verb is from 1686
    Patrol: 巡逻1664, "action of going the rounds" (of a military camp, etc.),
    from O.Fr. patouiller "paddle in water," probably from pate "paw, foot"
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    Torch, torture
    c.1290, from O.Fr. torche, originally "twisted thing," hence "torch formed of twisted tow dipped in wax,"
    In Britain, also applied to the battery-driven version (in U.S., flashlight).
    torture  [‘tɔ:tʃə]     n. 拷问,折磨, v. 拷打,
    拧，线股凝结、粘蜡制作火炬

    Circumstance, circle, bicycle
    c.1225, "conditions surrounding and accompanying an event," from L. circumstantia "surrounding condition,”
    from circum "around" + stare "to stand" from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet).
    circle  ['sə:kl]     n. 圆周,社交圈,循环
    stance  [stæns]    n. 准备击球姿势,踏脚处,位置



    policy
    way of management, government, administration," c.1386, from O.Fr. policie (14c.) "civil administration,"
    from L. politia "the state," from Gk. politeia "state, administration, government, citizenship,"
    from polites "citizen," from polis "city, state,”
    Politics: Aristotle's ta politika "affairs of state,“ 政治
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    Emphasize,
    1573, from L. emphasis, from Gk. emphasis "significance, indirect meaning," from empha-, root of emphainein "to present, show, indicate," from en- "in" + phainein "to show." In Gk. & L., developed a sense of "extra stress" given to a word or phrase in speech as a clue that it implies something more than literal meaning. Emphasize (v.) first recorded 1828; emphatic (adj.) first attested 1708.
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    virtue
    c.1225, "moral life and conduct, moral excellence," vertu, from Anglo-Fr. and O.Fr. vertu, from L. virtutem (nom. virtus) "moral strength, manliness, valor, excellence, worth," from vir "man" (see virile). Phrase by virtue of (c.1230) preserves alternate M.E. sense of "efficacy." Wyclif Bible has virtue where K.J.V. uses power. The seven cardinal virtues (c.1320) were divided into the natural (justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude) and the theological (hope, faith, charity). To make a virtue of a necessity (c.1374) translates L. facere de necessitate virtutem