加载中…Washington Irving
(2009-04-30 20:14:05)
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杂谈 |
美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家：华盛顿•欧文（Washington Irving）
华盛顿•欧文（Washington Irving）(1783-1859)
是美国文学的奠基人之一。他是第一个得到欧洲承认的美国作家，被称为“美国文学之父”。欧文的作品反映了美国文学从18世纪的理性主义到19世纪浪漫主义的转变。他的文笔优美，语言生动，能够在描述中恰如其分地运用幽默与夸张的艺术手法。他的浪漫主义气息为作品增添了魅力。他的作品对北美早期殖民者的残酷剥削和屠杀印第安人的罪行也进行了讽刺和揭露。欧文的一些优秀作品已成为典范，他的风格对埃德加.爱伦.坡、霍桑等后代作家都有一定的影响。在他的短篇故事中，通常从一个普通的角色开始
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像是一个懒惰的老公、唠叨的太太；然而，它能够将这些故事主角放入如家庭中的情境、又能找出能带给故事更多活力的情境，欧文在事件与细节上的描述，运用符号象征的手法在基础情节上，创造出近似于歌德作品的氛围。
欧文最知名作品《李伯大梦》(Rip Van
Winkle)的灵感，来自于德国一个关于国王的传说，在此作品中他在最后加上了一段虚构的学者注记，注记中说明该传说是由一位人在纽约的荷兰老人Diedrich
Knickerbocker所传述的，而这个人也是一个欧文杜撰的角色（而该荷兰老人的名字，后来还被一群纽约作家在作品中运用，包含欧文自己、詹姆斯芬尼墨古柏、威廉库伦布莱恩都包含在内）（译注：Knickerbocker一字之意为「最初向纽约移民的荷兰人子孙」）。《李伯大梦》在欧文较长的一本书《见闻札记》(The
Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,
Gent.)中也可看到，该书以系列方式在1819－20年之间在美国陆续出版。在《李伯大梦》一书中，主角是个游手好闲、说长道短、爱作白日梦、愿意帮助邻居也受到小朋友喜爱的人，也是个宁愿只用一分钱饿着肚子、也不愿辛苦工作赚多一点钱的人。他一度在施过魔法的森林中迷失，但他所遇到的鬼后来证实代表的是衰败、贫乏、无能等带来人类失败或投降的因素；实际上，在李伯二十年的睡眠时间里，将人生中最好的岁月交换来自己老年的和平岁月；这个时候，他的同胞则正在战争中奋斗、建立一个新的国家。但李伯很快地就将自己的不幸视为好事，首先，他躲过了这二十年间太太的唠叨，第二，他也不需如一般人辛辛苦苦地经营事业或维持信誉。
Irving's unique contribution to American literature
Irving's contribution to American literature is unique in more than
one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature
to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by European
literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip
Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow", however exotic these
stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and
culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination
with their focus on American subjects, American landscape, and, in
Irving's case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh
young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the
tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word
and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories. And
later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story
attained a degree of perfection.
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席勒出生于德国符腾堡公国的一个贫穷市民家庭，父亲是名外科医生，后在部队里当军医。||Schiller was born at a poor citizen's family of German Wurttemburg principality, his father was a surgeon, and then his father went to the troops as a surgeon.14岁被公国统治者符腾堡公爵强迫进入卡尔学校学习法律，后来才同意他学医学。||At the age of 14，Schiller was forced by the principality ruler Wurttemburg duke to go to Carl's school to study law, afterwards just agree that he could learn medical.在这所学校里，学生与外界长年隔绝，整年不得外出，亦无假日，出身不同的学生彼此之间严禁往来，进步书籍尤其不许阅读。||In this school, students and the external world isolated for a long time, the whole year students could not go out and had no day off, students having different background were strictly forbidden contacts and progress books particularly forbade reading.席勒在这所被称为“奴隶养成所”的学校里呆了8年，切身的经历和体验使这个市民出身的青年产生了鲜明的反封建意识，培养了他反对专制暴君统治的进步思想。||Schiller stayed in the school which is called "the slave becoming" for 8 years, the real experience made the youth who was a citizen come into being sharp-cut antifeudal consciousness and brought up the progress of opposing arbitrary tyrant governance.席勒从学校毕业后于1780年在斯图加特某步兵旅当军医。|| Schiller took part in a infantry brigade to be a military surgeon in Stuttgart in 1780 after graduating from the school.他对当时的专制统治有着深切的体会。||He profoundly realized the arbitrary governance. 青年席勒的创作主要是四部戏剧。|| The creations of youthful Schiller mainly have four-part drama.这些戏剧“洋溢着对整个德国社会挑战和叛逆的精神”，其特点是语言激烈，感情充沛，戏剧性强。||These drama"be full of the spirit of challenge and treachery to the whole German society", their characteristics are the language is vehement, the sentiment is abundant, and the dramatic is strong.1780年写作的《强盗》是其代表作。||《robber 》 writing in 1780 is his representative work.《强盗》反映了青年人对封建专制制度的反抗。||《Robber 》reflected the youth revolting the feudalism system. 1782年他的另一剧本《阴谋与爱情》的反封建性更加鲜明而强烈。||In 1782 his another drama 《scheme and love 》makes a more brilliance and stronger be against feudality。 席勒是德国古典文学中仅次于歌德的第二座丰碑。|| Schiller is the second milestone only next to Goethe in the German classic literature.这一时期他的代表作之一是历史剧《瓦伦斯坦》。||This period his one of the representative work is a history play 《Wallenstein》. 1805年5月，席勒不幸逝世，歌德为此痛苦万分：“我失去了席勒，也失去了我生命的一半。”||In May, 1805, Schiller pass away and Goethe is very painful，he says:"I lost Schiller and also lost the half of my life."歌德死后，根据他的遗言，被安葬在席勒的遗体旁。|| After Goethe passing away, according to his dying wish,he is buried next to the relique of Schiller. |
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