理想在远方，却迟迟不肯迈步。我是懈怠了，对自己，对朋友，对生活，对一切。好想面对一个能无所不谈的人大哭一场，妈妈或许可以，但是不想让她看到我不开心的一面。他？有了你，我却更寂寞了。

二战期间，一架英国飞机在飞越撒哈拉沙漠时被德军击落，飞机上的机师面部被全部烧伤，当地的人将他救活后送往了盟军战地医院。由于受伤，这个机师丧失了记忆，不能想起自己是谁，因此只被叫做“英国病人”。
    
    法国和加拿大血统的护士汉娜是战地医院的一名护士，战争使她失去了男友麦根，在伤员转移途中由于误入雷区，又失去了最好的朋友珍，于是善良的汉娜决定独自留下来照顾这个“英国病人”。
    
    这是意大利托斯卡纳的一个废弃的修道院，远离战争的喧嚣，显得宁静而闲逸，“英国病人“静静的躺在房间的木床上，窗头的一本旧书渐渐唤起了他的思绪...

    匈牙利籍的历史学者拉兹罗·德·艾马殊伯爵跟随探险家马铎深入撒哈拉沙漠进行考察，在那里，他结识了“皇家地理学会”推荐来帮助绘制地图的“飞机师”杰佛和他美丽的妻子凯瑟琳·嘉芙莲。嘉芙莲的风韵和才情深深地吸引了艾马殊，并对她产生了无法抗拒的爱慕之情。杰佛由于回开罗筹集资金，留下嘉芙莲和考察队一同进行考察，在这段时间里，他们共同发现了沙漠深处的绘有原始绘画的洞穴，同时，嘉芙莲对机警、智慧、幽默的艾马殊也产生了好感。
       
    终于，嘉芙莲倒入了艾马殊的怀抱，不尽的温存使艾马殊深陷情网而不能自拔。然而，身为有夫之妇的嘉芙莲深知这是一场没有结局的爱情，尽管她深爱艾马殊，但她无法逾越道德的屏障，最终，她决定与艾马殊分手，这深深地伤害了艾马殊。
    
    英国对德宣战，马铎也要回国了，留下艾马殊在沙漠继续他在原始人山洞的考察。已经察觉的杰佛一直保持着着绝对的沉默，当他驾驶飞机来接艾马殊时，伤心的杰佛欲驾机撞向艾马殊……杰佛当场死去，同机的嘉芙莲也受了重伤，艾马殊抱起嘉芙莲将她送往山洞，嘉芙莲此时向艾马殊道出了自己一直都在深爱着他。
    
    艾马殊要挽救嘉芙莲，必须步行走出沙漠求救。他将嘉芙莲安置在山洞里，对他许诺一定会回来救她。
    
    然而，当走出沙漠的艾马殊焦急地向盟军驻地的士兵求救时，却因为他的态度和名字被当作德国人抓了起来，并送上了押往欧洲的战俘车。
    
    时间在一点点地流逝，心挂嘉芙莲的艾马殊焦急万分。他终于找机会逃了出来，此时，对他来说，没有比救嘉芙莲更重要的事了，情急之中，他用马铎绘制的非洲地图换取了德国人的帮助，用德国人给的汽油驾驶着马铎离开时留下的英国飞机返回山洞。他没有违背诺言，可是，时间已过去太多，嘉芙莲已在寒冷中永远地离开了他... 

    在照顾“英国病人”的日子里，汉娜结识了印度籍的拆弹手基普，并产生了爱情，在战争的阴影下，他们的爱情显得谨慎而克制。就在此时，战争结束了，然而，死亡并没有结束，身为拆弹手的基普，注定还要无数次地面对死亡。汉娜理智地和奔赴雷场的基普人分手了。

    由于艾马殊将地图交给了德军，使德军长驱直入开罗城，直捣盟军总部。马铎得知后深感愧对祖国，饮弹自杀。为盟军效力的间谍“会友”被切去了手指，使他对艾马殊充满憎恨，他通过打听找到这座修道院，想复仇杀死艾马殊，可当他听了艾马殊的故事后，却又无从下手。
    
    艾马殊决定了结自己的生命，汉娜深深地理解他，协助他离开了这个世界，追随他的爱人去了。
    
    汉娜也要离开修道院了，她怀抱着艾马殊留下的那本旧书，回望绿荫影中的修道院，心中无比的平静……

有些甜蜜的回忆，是单纯的美好的陪伴，是干净的温润的牵挂，不必是爱情，也叫做幸福。只是要等到时间流过，才能明白。

每天的工作都如同参与了一场激烈的恶战，很紧张，很扣人心弦。。每每下班后，脑海里挥之不去的始终是在班时发生的一幕幕。现在的我，时刻拥有良好的心态去应对，但是不知道紧绷的神经何时会彻底崩溃掉。我想有些时候，我需要一个出口，去释放些什么。

发个好玩的。。据说北大门口的饭馆

某些美国进口商和批发商名录上包含这些公司的email地址和公司网站主页地址。为什么电子邮件这么流行？
    首先是因为电子邮箱（email地址）很容易得到。当你通过网络服务提供商（ISP）注册一个前面提到过的URL（UniformResorceLocator，在Internet的WWW服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法）网址的时候，你就自动有了若干个邮件地址。有一点很重要，那就是你的公司至少需要有三个电子邮件地址，客人会比较在意这一点，如果没有，他们会对你的公司产生某些怀疑.你的email地址“@”后面的部分就是你所注册的URL地址。例如，如果某公司网站地址是www.xiatao.com，那么这个公司的电子邮箱地址将是***@xiatao.com。客人们通常想知道他们回复的邮件会发到哪儿或者说是会发给谁，如此一来，你的邮件地址就需要特定，以便告诉客人他们的回信发到了你公司的哪个部门或者发给了哪个负责人。

    因此xiatao@xiatao.com是一个非常失败的emial地址，因为它使你的潜在客人不知道他们的回信发到了你公司的哪个部门。

    每一个经营出口业务的公司都应该有以下三个电子邮件地址:

sale@..,export@..,andsupport@..;那么前面提到的xiatao公司的三个email地址分别就应该是：sale@xiatao.com,export@goldentextile.com及support@xiatao.com.前两个地址告诉你的客人他们的回信发到你公司的销售部和出口部，support@xiatao.com这个地址告诉他们有疑问或下单后遇到问题时你的公司有个部门可以帮助他们解决。你的公司有了这三个email地址，更多的买家会认真对待你的公司。而没有这三个地址的话，客人就不知道该怎么联系你。

    免费邮件地址（免费邮箱）=失去许多订单！
    你绝不应该使用像yahoo,hotmail,netvigator等提供的免费邮箱作为业务联系信箱！客人们不太相信此类信箱。切住网上的形象比面对面时的形象更为重要。当你用这种免费邮箱给进口商发推广信时，对方心里的第一个问题就是：这算是正式的发盘吗？这个人是不是想骗我？

    用一个yahoo或者hotmail的免费邮箱，就好比用一部投币式的公用电话作为你公司的业务电话，就等于对客人说：“我们公司不太正规，没有电话，如果你打我们电话，我们会尽量跑出去办公室附近的投币公用电话去接！”免费邮箱带来不了好消息。

    不使用免费邮箱的众多理由中的另外一条就是安全性。客人的邮件中经常会有意无意地夹带些商业机密，这当中可能包含信用卡信息、银行账户信息以及绝密的公司信息。如果这些信息被发给一个专有的企业邮箱，比如export@xiatao.com，则经由客人的电脑到他们的网络服务提供商，再到你公司的网络服务提供商，最后到达你的电脑，信息被人窃取的可能性就被降低了。

    如果客人给一个免费邮箱如goldentextile@hotmail.com发邮件，其中的商业机密通过中间几个网络服务提供商再到达出口商，那么信息被窃取的风险将大大增加，这就是为什么客人们不愿意使用免费邮箱的原因。
    注册一个企业邮箱如export@goldentextile.com意味着客人已经购买了当地的网络服务，如果出了问题，他们可以通过网络服务找出问题。通常骗子公司为了骗人钱财才用免费邮箱，因为免费邮箱不需要正规注册，一旦出了问题，无处可寻。

解决问题的办法是：如果你现在用免费邮箱发推广信，那么停用它。在你的本地网络服务提供商处注册购买一个专属企业邮箱，之后你会戏剧性地体验到联系你的客人越来越多。
    电子邮箱之所以流行的第二个原因是它廉价。它不需要你投资一分钱，需要投资的仅仅是你的时间，没有纸张、投递和信封的开销。

第三个原因是发信相对简单。你须有一个数据库（全球进口商名录的电子邮箱地址数据库，国内有公司出售）且必须保证及时更新。接下来就是编辑一封好的推广信。所以，任何一个会用word的人都会发email.
    若方法正确则行之有效

    推广你的产品有两种方法：对的和错的。我们先说对的。
    首先，在发推广信之前你首先要获得对方的允许。也许你会问：“如果我不联系他们怎么知道他们允不允许？”问得很好！答案就是,整理一下以前联系过你的潜在买家的邮件地址，然后给他们每人发一封邮件，问问他们是否愿意加入到你的“群发名单”里，很多人会回答愿意。

    其次，你可以购买进口商的电子邮件地址目录。就是那些可能对你的产品感兴趣的公司的电子邮箱地址，但你仍然应该先给他们每人发一封邮件问问他们是否愿意接收你的推广信。征求他们允许你给他们发信的第三个方法就是让他们“自投罗网”：在你的公司网站上注明你的公司有定期的新产品发布，如果感兴趣的话，他们会预定你的服务并主动联系你。

    例如，想开发美国市场的出口商，如果想每个月得到关于如何开拓美国市场的建议和市场报告的新闻邮件，可以到www.americanimporters.org/pages/emailfor.html上预定。

    对于那些你在交易会上搜集的公司和以前给你发过邮件的人，也有必要将他们的邮件地址加入你的“群发名单”里去，久而久之，你就会有一个很好的“群发名单”，他们都可能是你的潜在客户。

    如果你开发了新产品，你可以给你“群发名单”的客人都发一封email告诉他们。但是发的次数不要太多。每两到三个月一封就足够了。少了，他们会忘记你，多了，他们嫌你烦。

    尽量使你的推广信显得吸引人。别光介绍你的新产品，还应介绍新产品有趣的地方。只有客人觉得能学到东西了他们才会去看你的邮件，如果仅仅是一封推广信，他们就有可能看也有可能不看了。

    让你的推广信看起来像推广信，不要全用大写字母，也不要用缩写，写全称。

    怎么样搞砸Email营销？

    无论如何不要给一个你没有征得同意的客人发信，这是再糟糕不过的事情！

要将事情搞砸总是非常容易的。有一天你发现了一个公司邮箱地址，然后对自己说他们也许会对你的产品感兴趣：“呃不错。好，给他们发一封邮件吧，不成也没什么损失。”其实你可以失去的东西很多。发给一个没有征得同意的人的邮件叫做“垃圾邮件”。这是非常不专业和不礼貌的行为。“垃圾邮件”是人们深恶痛绝的，因此，这也是最粗暴同时也是效率最低的网络营销。

    简单的说，发垃圾邮件不是有效的营销手段，这是浪费时间，而且浪费的是两个人的时间：你自己的和莫名其妙收到你邮件的那个可怜虫的！

    比这更糟糕的是：发送“垃圾邮件”对你的公司声誉是很大的伤害。而你也就成了“垃圾邮件制造者”，全世界的公司都会讨厌你。

    由此可见，给那些你征求过意见的客人发邮件才是有效的。发垃圾邮件是无效而且是有害的，所以，请不要发垃圾邮件。

    Email推广的“要”与“不要”

    发邮件前要得到对方的允许。
    邮件内容要有趣，吸引人。
    在邮件的最后要附上一段，告诉别人如果不再想收到你的邮件该怎么做。
邮件要短。没人喜欢看冗长的邮件。弄些超链接让客人直接点进你的公司网站了解更多信息。
    客人的邮件一定要在一个工作日内回复。
    一定要用可以区分你的公司和部门的专用企业邮箱。
    绝对不要发垃圾邮件。
    不要全用大写的字母写邮件，这让人感觉你在大叫或者在吼，还很粗暴。
    不要用缩写。这是懒惰的表现。客人不喜欢和懒人做生意。他们会想：出口商居然懒到用B.Rgds代替BestRegards,那么他们肯定也会懒得去做一个好产品。

   不要用goldentextile@yahoo.com之类的免费邮箱。不安全。
不要让你的客人去猜他们的回复会发到哪儿去。例如，如果用webmaster@goldentextile.com，那么邮件就有可能被公司的任何部门接收，客人想知道谁收到并且负责处理他们的邮件，一定要用sales@goldentextile的邮箱。
邮件中不要出现彩色字和艺术字，这是幼稚和不专业的表现，通篇用一个字号和黑色。
不要用黑色背景（黑底白字），这同样是不专业的表现，而且阅读起来很困难，坚持用白底黑字。

zt:http://www.eacha.com/scheme/promote/200707/1398.html

VI.  Error correction (10 points)

Directions: Each numbered line of the following passage contains an error. Correct each error by adding a word, deleting a word or changing a word. You could write on your answer sheet in the following way:

For example:  add ‘to’ before ‘learn’;

                       delete ‘of’;

                       exhibition ---- exhibit

Not until the early nineteen-forties was any serious

effort made to encourage new British music. The composers

themselves banded together into committee and this in                                             (1)

turn sponsored a plan by which reading panels of disqualified                                   (2)

musicians were formed, whose duty was to study the

scores submitting to them, and to decide which works merited                                 (3)

an introduction to the public opinion. Fortnightly performances                                 (4)

were arranged, with which the public was admitted free,                                                 (5)

and compositions for small combinations of instruments

presented by artists who gave their services for this                                                  (6)

good course. There were some unusual features to                                                  (7)

these recitations. In the first place, the members of the                                             (8)

audience were presented with a carefully prepared form on

which they were asked to record their impressions of each

work heard, to say whether, in their opinion, it will be                                              (9)

recommended to concert organizers for exclusion in their                                         (10)

programmes. This experiment in seeking mass opinion was

given later, when it was found that the remarks became stereotyped

and unhelpful.

VII.  Writing (30 points)

As China has turned more commercial in recent years, some schools and universities improperly collect various kinds of fees from students. Write an essay of about 300 words on the following topic:

Should Schools and Universities be Commercialized?

Passage 4

And so I am to write a story—but of what, and where? Shall it be radiant with the sky of Italy or eloquent with the beau ideal of Greece? Shall it breathe odor and languor from the orient, or chivalry from the occident? or gayety from France? or vigor from England? No, no; these are all too old—my own New England; the land of bright fires and strong hearts; the land of deeds, and not of words; the land of fruits, and not of flowers; the land often spoken against, yet always respected: “ the latchet of whose shoes the nations of the earth are not worthy to unloose.”

Now from this very heroic apostrophe, you may suppose that I have something very heroic to tell. By no means. It is merely a little introductory breeze of patriotism, such as occasionally brushes over every mind, bearing on its wings the remembrance of all we ever loved and cherished in the land of our early years; and if it should seem to be rodomontade to any people in other parts of the earth, let them only imagine it to be said about “Old Kentucky”, “Old England”, or any other corner of the world in which they happened to be born and they will find it quite rational.

But, as touching our story, it is time to begin. Did you ever see the little village of Newbury, in New England? I dare say you never did; for it was just one of those out-of-the-way places where nobody ever came unless they came on purpose: a green little hollow, wedged like a bird’s next between half a dozen high hills, that kept off the wind and kept out foreigners; so that the little place was s straitly sui generis as if there were not another in the world. The inhabitants were all of that respectable old steadfast family who make it a point to be born, bred, married, to die, and be buried all in the selfsame spot. There were just so many houses, and just so many people lived in them; and nobody ever seemed to be sick, or to die either, at least while I was there. The natives grew old till they could not grow any older, and then they stood still, and lasted from generation to generation. There was, too, an unchangeability about all the externals of Newbury.  Here was a red house, and there was a brown house, and across the way was a yellow house; and there was a straggling rail fence or a tribe of mullein stalks between. The minister lived here, and Squire Moses lived there, and Deacon Hart lived under the hill, and Messrs. Nadab and Abihu Peters lived by the crossroad, and the old “wider” Smith lived by the meeting-house, and Ebenezer Camp kept a shoemaker’s shop on one side, and Patience Mosely kept a milliner’s shop in front; and there was old Comfort Scran, who kept a store for the whole town, and sold axeheads, brass thimbles, licorice balls, fancy handkerchiefs, and everything else you can think of. Here, too, was the general post-office, where you might see letters marvelously folded, directed wrong side upward, stamped with a thimble, and superscribed to some of the Dollys, or Pollys, or Peters, or Moseses aforenamed or not named.

For the rest, as to manners, morals, arts, and sciences, the people in Newbury always went to their parties at three o’clock in the afternoon, and came home before dark; always stopped all work the minute the sun was down on Saturday night; always went to meeting on Sunday; had a schoolhouse with all the ordinary inconveniences; were in neighborly charity with each other; read their Bibles, feared their God, and were content with such things as they had—the best philosophy, after all.

14.  In the first paragraph the author contrasts the East and the West as

A.         indolent and gallant.

B. charming and rude.

C. foreign and familiar.

D. passive and aggressive.

15. In the second paragraph we can see that the author assumes her readers

       A. prefer rigorous arguments.

       B. share similar feelings.

       C. need a lot of persuading.

       D. dislike figurative language.

16.  The author chooses New England as her subject matter because she knows it well and because its inhabitants are

        A. talkative rather than diligent.

        B. productive rather than self-indulgent.

        C. romantic rather than serious.

        D. charming rather than admired.

17.  The facts in the passage indicate that  village of  Newbury  is

        A. accustomed to seeing vagabonds.

        B. a densely populated area.

        C. socially and politically progressive.

        D. located in a remote part of the country.

18.  The author’s view of Newbury is

        A. retrospective.

        B. detached.

        C. impartial.

        D. skeptical.

Passage 5

Just over 10 years ago, Ingmar Bergman announced that the widely acclaimed Fanny and Alexander would mark his last hurrah as s filmmaker. Although some critics had written him off as earnest but ponderous, others were saddened by the departure of an artist who had explored cinematic moods – from high tragedy to low comedy – during his four-decade career.

What nobody foresaw was that Bergman would find a variety of ways to circumvent his own retirement – directing television movies, staging theater productions, and writing screenplays for other filmmakers to direct. His latest enterprise as a screenwriter, Sunday’s Children, completes a trilogy of family-oriented movies that began with Fanny and Alexander and continued with The Best Intentions written by Bergman and directed by Danish filmmaker Bille August.

Besides dealing with members of Bergman’s family in bygone times – it begins a few years after The Best Intentions leaves off – the new picture was directed by Daniel Bergman, his youngest son. Although it lacks the urgency and originality of the elder Bergman’s greatest achievements, such as The Silence and Persona, it has enough visual and emotional interest to make a worthy addition to his body of work.

Set in rural Sweden during the late 1920s, the story centers on a young boy named Pu, clearly modeled on Ingmar Bergman himself. Pu’s father is a country clergyman whose duties include traveling to the capital and ministering to the royal family. While this is an enviable position, it doesn’t assuage problems in the pastor’s marriage. Pu is young enough to be fairly oblivious to such difficulties, but his awareness grows with the passage of time. So do the subtle tensions that mark Pu’s own relationship with his father, whose desire to show affection and compassion is hampered by a certain stiffness in his demeanor and chilliness in his emotions.

The film’s most resonant passages take place when Pu learns to see his father with new clarity while accompanying him on a cross-country trip to another parish. In a remarkable change of tone, this portion of the story is punctuated with flash-forwards to a time 40 years in the future, showing the relationship between parent and child to be dramatically reversed. The father is now cared for by the son, and desires a forgiveness for past shortcomings that the younger man resolutely refuses to grant.

Brief and abrupt though they are, these scenes make a pungent contrast with the sunny landscapes and comic interludes in the early part of the movie.

Sunday’s Children is a film of many levels, and all are skillfully handled by Daniel Bergman in his directional debut. Gentle scenes of domestic contentment are sensitively interwoven with intimations of underlying malaise. While the more nostalgic sequences are photographed with an eye-dazzling beauty that occasionally threatens to become cloying, any such result is foreclosed by the jagged interruptions of the flash-forward sequences – an intrusive device that few filmmakers are agile enough to handle successfully, but that is put to impressive use by the Bergman team.

Henrik Linnros gives a smartly turned performance as young Pu, and Thommy Berggren – who starred in the popular Elvira Madigan years ago – is steadily convincing as his father. Top honors go to the screenplay, though, which carries the crowded canvas of Fanny and Alexander and the emotional ambiguity of The Best Intentions into fresh and sometimes fascinating territory.

19.  Over the years critical views of Bergmans’ work have

       A. without exception been positive.

       B. deplored his seriousness.

       C. often been antithetical.

       D. usually focused on his personality.

20.  The subject matter of Sunday’s Children

       A. is presented chronologically.

       B. takes place in the 19^th century.

       C. occurs all in one locale.

       D. is derived from reminiscences.

21.  From the passage we can infer that Pu’s father is portrayed as a

       A. demonstrative and caring parent.

       B. reserved and reticent man.

       C. compassionate and sentimental spouse.

       D. spontaneous and dynamic minister.

22.  The reviewer thinks that the “flash forward” technique is

       A. seldom handled skillfully.

       B. responsible for the film’s success.

       C. too disruptive for ordinary filmgoers.

D. best left to amateur experimentation.

23.  In the reviewer’s opinion, Sunday’s Children

       A. is a cinematic first.

       B. has an original and interesting script.

       C. is visually and emotionally depressing.

       D. surpasses Bergman’s previous work.  

V.  Reading Comprehension (46 points)

Directions : There are five passages in this part.  Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then write your choice on the answer sheet.

Passage 1
    I cry easily. I once burst into tears when the curtain came down on the Kirov Ballet's Swan Lake. I still choke up every time I see a film of Roger Bannister breaking the "impossible" four minute mark for the mile. I figure I am moved by witnessing men and women at their best. But they need not    be great men and women, doing great things.
　   Take the night, some years ago, when my wife and I were going to dinner at a friend's house in New York city. It was sleeting. As we hurried toward the house, with its welcoming light, I noticed a car pulling out from the curb. Just ahead, another car was waiting to back into the parking space -- a rare commodity in crowded Manhattan. But before he could do so another car came up from behind, and sneaked into the spot. That's dirty pool, I thought.
　   While my wife went ahead into our friend's house, I stepped into the street to give the guilty driver a piece of my mind. A man in work clothes rolled down the window.
　   "Hey," I said, "this parking space belongs to that guy," I gestured toward the man ahead, who was looking back angrily. I thought I was being a good Samaritan, I guess -- and I remember that the moment I was feeling pretty manly in my new trench coat.
　 "Mind your own business!" the driver told me.
　 "No," I said. "You don't understand. That fellow was waiting to back into this space."
　 Things quickly heated up, until finally he leaped out of the car. My God, he was colossal. He grabbed me and bent me back over the hood of his car as if I was a rag doll. The sleet stung my face. I glanced at the other driver, looking for help, but he gunned his engine and hightailed it out of there.
　 The huge man shook his rock of a fist to me, brushing my lip and cutting the inside of my mouth against my teeth. I tasted blood. I was terrified. He snarled and threatened, and then told me to beat it.
   Almost in a panic, I scrambled to my friend's front door. As a former Marine, as a man, I felt utterly humiliated. Seeing that I was shaken, my wife and friends asked me what had happened. All I could bring myself to say was that I had an argument about a parking space. They had the sensitivity to let it go at that.
　 I sat stunned. Perhaps half an hour later, the doorbell rang. My blood ran cold. For some reason I was sure that the bruiser had returned for me. My hostess got up to answer it, but I stopped her. I felt morally bound to answer it myself.
　 I walked down the hallway with dread. Yet I knew I had to face up to my fear. I opened the door. There he stood, towering. Behind him, the sleet came down harder than ever.
　 "I came back to apologize," he said in a low voice. "When I got home, I said to myself, 'what right I have to do that?' I'm ashamed of myself. All I can tell you is that the Brooklyn Navy Yard is closing. I've worked there for years. And today I got laid off. I'm not myself. I hope you'll accept my apology."
　 I often remember that big man. I think of the effort and courage it took for him to come back to apologize. He was man at last.
　 And I remember that after I closed the door, my eyes blurred, as I stood in the hallway for a few moments alone.

1. On what occasion is the author likely to be moved?
  A. A young person cheated of the best things in life.
  B. A genius athlete breaks a world record.
  C. A little    girl suffers from an incurable disease.
  D. When the curtain comes down on a touching play.
2. What does "dirty pool" at the end of the second paragraph mean?
  A. Improper deeds
  B. Bribery
  C. Chicanery
  D. Dirty transaction
3. Why didn't the writer's wife and friends insist on asking him what had really happened?
  A. They sensed that something terrible happened.
  B. They were afraid that the writer might lose face if they insisted.
  C. It was not their business.
  D. They tried to calm the writer in this way.
4. What touched the writer in the end?
  A. The big man's courage to admit his mistake.
  B. The big man's sincerity and confession.
  C. The big man's wretched experience.
  D. The man at his best.

Passage 2

 In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception.
    Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.
    In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant's frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infant's attention to the attractive object increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention and turns to something else.
    In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.
    Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events.
    The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding influence.
    The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Auditing develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.
    Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible vocal communication.
    From the earlier times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society.

5. How does the child develop his perception?
  A. His strong motivations give rise to perception.
  B. He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of an extended body and

 later on gives it up.
  C. Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.
  D. He believes that objects around him are dependent on his perception.
6. What stimulates adults' motivational cognition?
  A. Predictable presence of opportunities.
  B. Visible signs of opportunities.
  C. Instigators.
  D. Approachable information.
7. What is the influence of socialization process?
  A. It may produce tension.
  B. It may produce extreme emotion.
  C. It may reduce one's cognitively guided behaviors.
  D. all of the above.
8. What links cognitive development to the needs of society?
  A. Practical purpose.
  B. Natural human cognitive development.
  C. Language.
  D. Sending or receiving messages.

Passage 3

Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global “conveyor belt” redistributes ocean organisms. It’s a planetwide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand.

Dr. Carlton – an oceanographer at Williams College  in Williams town, Mass. – explains that, at any given moment, “there are several thousand [marine] species [traveling] … in the ballast water of ships.” These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.

Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly – or every beneficially – join the local scene. But some will make trouble.

In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’ new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water – taken in to provide ship stability – continuously moving around the world….

Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.

Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.

The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.

The maritime nations that created the biological “conveyor belt” should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.

9.  According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are

       A. being moved to new environments.

       B. destroying the planet.

       C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.

       D. developing alien characteristics.

10. Oceanographers are concerned because

       A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.

       B. they believe the oceans are dying.

       C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.

       D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.

11. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species

       A. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.

       B. are all compatible with one another.

       C. can only survive in their home waters.

       D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.

12. The identified cause of the problem is

       A. the rapidity with which larvae mature.

       B. a common practice of the shipping industry.

       C. a centuries old species.

D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.

13. The article suggests that a solution to the problem

       A. is unlikely to be identified.

       B. must precede further research.

       C. is hypothetically easy.

       D. will limit global shipping.

考试科目：    基础英语    ( 答案全部写在答题纸上 )  

I.                   Structure and Vocabulary (18 points)

Directions: Complete each of the sentences with the most likely answer.

1.      Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained ________ into account before starting a new project.

A. be taken           B. were taken              C. should take             D. had been taken

2.      We can assign the task to __________ is capable and trustworthy.

A. whomever         B. who                        C. whom                     D. whoever

3.      The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty-five million items of scientific, historical, or artistic interest, __________ winning the popular title, “attic of the nation”.

A. however           B. and                         C. thus                        D. moreover

4.      We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We _______.

A. should not hurry                                   B. must ho have hurried

C. need not hurry                                      D. need not have hurried

5.      _________, the white mountain goat is an extremely sure-footed animal that escapes from its predators by living in the most rugged, rocky landscapes.

A. Rarely seen                                        B. Having been rarely seen

C. Being rarely seen                                  D. Rarely to be seen

6.  Nick would certainly have got there on time _________.

       A. if the flat tire hadn’t happened          B. if he didn’t get a flat tire

       C. had he not had a flat tire              D. had the tire hadn’t flattened itself

7.  Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed.

        A. that are           B. as are                      C. which is                  D. it is

8.  ffice:smarttags" />Britain’s press is unusual ________ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper: the quality press and the popular press.

        A. in how            B. in what                    C. in which                  D. in that

9.  _________ he needed money for his mother’s operation, the driver resisted the temptation to keep the fat wallet a customer had left behind in the car.

        A. Much as         B. So much                 C. As much                 D. Much so

10. I wouldn’t say I was a non-believer, but I don’t have any burning religious______.

       A. certainty           B. convictions              C. superiority        D. rebellion

11. He believed that age alone would not ________ him from standing as a candidate.

       A. contrive           B. intervene                 C. suppress                 D. preclude

12. Most people believe that parenthood is an experience nothing else can _______.

       A. compile            B. duplicate                 C. imitate                     D. compete

13. Breathing polluted air may _______ affect an individual’s respiratory capacity.

A. detrimentally    B. consequently   C. occasionally      D. inadvertently

14. Einstein’s work provided the _______ for a major shift in the field of physics.

       A. cradle              B. efficiency                 C. impetus                   D. proficiency

15. Research suggests that children who leave primary school without a firm grounding in ______ and numeracy never catch up.

      A. etiquette            B. character                 C. personality              D. literacy

16. The most _______ of all Olympic events is the decathlon.

            A. exhilarating     B. gruesome     C. grueling         D. creative

17. Shakespear’s plays are ________ to various interpretations.

      A. compatibleB. incredulous              C. susceptible              D. imperative

18. Official business requirements obviously take ________ over personal requests.

      A. priority              B. orientation        C. prestige                   D. collaboration

II.  Paraphrase the following sentences (20 points)

1.      Conversation is not for making a point.

2.      The phrase, “the King’s English”, has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.

3.      This peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.

4.      …before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.

5.      Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.

6.      …while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake.

7.      The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible.

8.      Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.

9.      The propaganda for abolition speaks in hushed tones of the sanctity of human life.

10.  New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends.

III. Identify the rhetorical devices in the following sentences (10 points)

     1. Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.

2.      We can batten down and ride it out.

3.      A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.

4.      The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.

5.      Wind and rain now whipped the house.

6.      Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.

7.      Blowndown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.

8.      The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.

9.      You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.

10.   And this is true, whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.

IV.  Translate the following paragraph into Chinese (16 points)

 Some battles have been won or lost because the commander of a large force, arriving late, decided almost at the last moment to change sides. I feel that a powerful section of English workers, together with their union bosses, is in the same situation as that commander just before he could make up his mind. These men believe that if there is a “Good Life’ going, then it’s high time they had their share of it. But some remaining Englishness in them whispers that there may be a catch in it. Where’s this ‘Good life’ in sweating your guts out, just because the managers are on the productivity-per-man-hour caper? It’s all a racket anyhow. If we don’t work like the old man used to do, we’re not turning out the honest stuff the old man was expected to turn out. It’s the profit now, not the product.