航空难黑匣子录音11年之后重现 惨状言犹在耳

 

5. 当不定式作宾语，其后又跟有宾语补足语时，应用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语应置于句末。常用于这一句型的动词有find, feel, think, consider, deem(相信，认为), make, believe等。

Do you consider it wise to ignore them?

I find it very difficult to study English well.

6. 以下动词常跟不定式的完成时作宾语：

seem              suppose            mean            wish              hope               expect

promise          appear               would           happen          pretend

I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我本打算打个电话，但后来忘了。

She wished to have come here last night, but she had no time.

注意：在美国英语中intended或had intended其后的不定式采用一般式就可表示希望，打算或意图未曾实现，不应用不定式的完成时，TOFEL考试将此评为错误。

I intended to come, but a heavy rain prevented me from coming.

I intended to write her a letter yesterday, but I forgot to because of the day and evening appointments that I had.

7. 以下短语常跟不定式的完成时作主补：

be believed/found/known/said/reported/supposed

be thought/understood…

He is said to have translated the book into Chinese.

You are supposed to have read the instructions.

8. deserve, need, require, want 前的主语为有生命的人或物时，后常接不定式。

She deserves to win because she was the best.

The boy needs to study hard.

注意：若主语为无生命的事物，其后常接不定式的被动式，动名词的主动式。

These flowers need to be watered at once.（… watering at once.）

This point deserves mentioning. (… to be mentioned.)

9. 当不定式与其所修饰的名词构成动宾关系，不定式又是不及物动词时，后面要加相应的介词。

He is a very good comrade to get along with.

We want to find a place to live in.

10. have与get后接不定式作宾补时，get后的宾补前应加to.

I’ll have a worker repair the door.

or:

I’ll get a worker to repair the door.

11. 不定式的逻辑主语

一般情况下不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

He studies hard to get high scores.

但有两种特殊情况：

1) 由for引出逻辑主语。

This is a very difficult for us to answer.

2) 如果形容词是指行为的性质又同时指行为的人即表示人的性格、特征等，由of引出逻辑主语，常见的形容词有：

kind                                foolish     &nb

 

时态：

英语的时态很多，限于篇幅，我们只就一些需要特别注意的，考试中常常出现的时态加以归纳。

（一）一般现在时

1. 表示自然现象与普遍真理。

The Sun rises in the east.

Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于语言。

2. 在时间、条件从句中表将来。

I’ll tell him when he comes.

They will do it if they are not very busy tomorrow.

注意：如果if从句表示一种愿望时，可用will+动词原形，will相当于情态动词。

If you will be quiet, I’ll tell you what happened.

（二）现在进行时

1. 动词go, come, leave, stay, start, do, begin, arrive等动词的进行时表示一个最近计划和安排要做的事。多用于口语。

What are you doing next Saturday?

You may catch the Golden Queen which is sailing to Brazil this afternoon.

你可以乘坐金皇后号，这艘船今天下午将驶往巴西。

2. 进行时与always, constantly, forever等词连用表示感情色彩。

He is continuously finding fault with me. 他不断地挑我的毛病。

These kinds of persons are always doing things like that. 这种人经常那么干。

3. 在由while引起的状语从句中，动词要用进行时。

While you are resting, I’ll read you today’s news.

While I was having my breakfast the morning post came.

（三）现在完成时

1. 在时间、条件状语从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

I’ll give this dictionary to you as soon as I have finished reading it.

If you have done the experiment, you will realize how difficult the theory is.

2. 现在完成时可用于下列句型：

This /That /It is the first … that …

This /That /It is the best … that …

This /That /It is the only … that …

This is the first time that I have played table tennis.

It is the only party that I’ve ever really enjoyed in my life.

That is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.

3. 无论since作介词还是连词，句子应用完成时。

Great changes have taken place since the reform and opening to the world.

I haven’t seen her since I last saw her.

4. 当since, before作副词用置于句末时，应用完成时。

I haven’t studied English before.

We haven’t met each other since.

5. 在it is … since结构中，主句的谓语通常用一般现在时，也可用现在完成时，但从句通常为终止性动词的过去时。

It’s a long time since I saw you last time.

It is four years since Tom left school.

6. 终止性动词appear, begin, set up, buy, die, join, start, come, fall, finish, leave, lend, sell, lose, stop, etc.的完成时不能与for连用。

不能说：He has got up for 2 hours.

只能说：He got up 2 hours ago.

He has been up for 2 hours.

It is 2 hours since he got up.

7. by + 将来时间状语用将来完成时，by + 现在时间状语用现在完成时。

 

 

（ 1．代词一致是指句子中的代词与相应的限定词在数、性、格等方面保持一致，或者与它相应的名词保持一致。

One must remember to remain very still when one/he /she attends a concert.

2．当名称的性无法确定时，阴性与阳性都可使用。

An average student with average intelligence can be a top student if he/she plans his/her time carefully. 中等智力水平的学生只要仔细安排他（她）的时间也能成为优等生。

3．国家、船只等名词常被看作阴性，因此可以用she, her代替。

China will resolutely and unansweringly carry out her current economic reform.

中国坚定不移地进行当前的经济改革。

4．不定代词作主语，代词一般按语法一致原则，用单数。

each     neither      one     everyone      everybody  

no one   anybody  someone  somebody everything

anything   something    nothing      either      every
 

4．在非正式文体或附加疑问句中，当主语是everyone, somebody, nobody时，代词用they. 也可用he.

Everyone knows what they have to do, don’t they?

No one was hurt, were they?

Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?

但若用everything, anything, something, nothing 作主语时, 在附加疑问句中，代词通常用it.

Something should be done, shouldn’t it?

Nothing will be damaged during the vocation, won’t it?

 

（一）在主语从句中

1. 用于It is advisable/ odd/ desirable/ imperative/ natural/ natural/ necessary/ strange/ unusual, etc. + that 引导的主语从句中。

It is highly desirable that a new president (should) be appointed for the college.

2. 用于It is desired, it is suggested, etc. +that 引导的主语从句中。

It is urged that he(should) be trained.

It is requested that Mr.Wang(should)give a performance at the party.

 

 
（二）虚拟语气用于下列动词后的宾语从句中

advise      arrange             move(提议)      beg            demand           deserve

desire       determine          recommend       ask            insist               order

prefer        propose             requite              wish          urge                suggest

suppose                          decide

I asked that I (should) be allowed to read whatever I liked.

She move/ suggested that the meeting (should) be continued after lunch.

如果宾语从句中的动词是否定的，从句后应是not + 动词原形。

The doctor suggested that he not smoke.

(三) 除了wish表愿望外，还可以用在would rather, had better, would as soon 结构的宾语从句中。

I would rather you come tomorrow.

I would rather you came today.

I would rather you had come yesterday.

I would just as soon you didn’t speak rudely to her.

(四) 虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中

 

 

7．复合名词的复数

1）. 把主要名词变为复数
editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief                           stander-by—standers-by

brother-in-law—brothers-in-law                          looker-on—lookers-on

mother-in-law—mothers-in-law                           passer-by—passers-by
 

2). 以man-或woman-为首构成的复合名词，若有性别之分，前后都变为复数

womanstudent—womenstudents

manservant—menservants

womancadre—womencadres
 

8．名词定语和复合名词

常见的名词定语和复合词有：
traffic accident 交通事故                     table lamp 台灯                               street light 街灯

dress shop 服装店                              blood type 血型                               shoe store 鞋店

member state 成员国                           launch pad 发射台                           room number

politics teacher 政治教师                     lunch room 供快餐的小饭馆

mosquito net 蚊帐                               bus driver 公共汽车司机
 

注意：名词定语和复合名词变为复数形式时，应将被修饰的那个名词变为复数。

He said that he forgot both of the room numbers.

9. 以-s结尾的学科名称通常用作单数。但当这些名词作“学科”以外的意义解释时常用作复数。如：

Mathematics is a very important subject. 数学是一门很重要的学科。

His politics are quite strange to us.他的政治观点对我们来说很陌生。

（politics, physics, mathematics, economics, linguistics, classics, phonetics）

10. 一些-s结尾的地理名词及专有名词通常用作单数。如：

the United Nations, Los Angeles, Wales, Naples, Athens, The Times.

The United Nations is an Organization helping to solve the international problems.联合国是协助处理国际问题的组织。

但是，表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词常作复数。如：The Himalayas, the Alps, the Bermudas

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.喜马拉雅山脉有大量各种各样的植物。

11. 物质名词作可数名词用时，词义有些变化。试比较：

Please give each of them a piece of paper. 请给他们每人一张纸。

Everyone of them was given a paper. 他们每人都发了一份试卷。
air 空气
 
airs 架子
 

effect 结果
 
effects  财产
 

damage 损害
 
damages 赔偿金
 

advice 忠告

 0 概述

5.1 形容词

5.1.1 形容词的定义及用法

(1) 定义：形容词表示人或事物的性质 , 特征或状态 , 修饰名词或不定代词

(2) 形容词在句中的作用 :

作定语 :

a. He is a great writer.

b. This is an interesting book.

c. I have something important to tell you.

作表语 :

a. The bridge is long and wide.

b. It is getting warm.

作补语 ( 宾语补足语或主语补足语 ):

a. The news made her happy.

b. We found the text very difficult.

c. You should keep your classroom clean.

d. The classroom should be kept clean.

5.1.2 形容词的分类

表语形容词和定语形容词

(1) 有些形容词只能作表语和补语 , 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语 , 这样的形容词称为表语形容词 , 如 : alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth 等词 ; 表语形容词作定语时需后置

(2) 有些形容词只能作定语 , 不能作表语 , 这样的形容词称为定语形容词 , 如 : golden, wooden, silken, live( 活的 ), elder( 年长的 ), former 前任的 , latter 后者 , front 前面的 , back 后面的 , outer 外部的

5.1.3 形容词的位置

(1) 形容词作定语时，通常放在名词前面，但在下列情况下，则要求后置：

①. 形容词修饰不定代词 something, nothing, anything 等时应后置

a. Is there anything important in the article?

b. There is something difficult in the lesson.

c. There is nothing wrong in your homework.

②. 形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置

a. The building is seventeen storeys high.

b. He is ten years old.

c. The street is five hundred meters long.

③. 形容词短语作定语时 , 需要后置

a. He is a worker worthy of praise.

b. This is a problem difficult to solve.

c. She is always ready to help others.

(2) 多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时需要按照一定的次序排列：

不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时 , 按以下顺序进行排列 :

		数 词		性 状 形 容 词
冠词前的形容词	冠词，物主代词 , 指示代词 , 不定代词 , 所有格	序数词	基数词	性质 状态	数量 大小 长短 形状	新旧 温度 年龄	颜色	国籍	材料 来源 用途
all, both, such 等	the, a, this, that another, your 等	first, second, next 等	one, five 等	kind, good, sick 等	large, long, round 等	old cool 等	red, blue 等	Chinese English 等	iron, stone 等

5.1.4 补充说明：以 -ly 结尾的形容词

有些以 -ly 结尾的词是形容词 , 而不是副词 , 这样的词如 : friendly 友好的 , lovely 可爱的 , weekly 每周的 , orderly 有秩序的 , brotherly 兄弟般的

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