Density

Density is defined as an objects mass per unit volume. Mass is a property.

• Mass and Weight - the Difference! - What is weight and what is mass? An explanation of the difference between weight and mass.

The density can be expressed as

ρ = m / V = 1 / v_g         (1)

where

ρ = density (kg/m³)

m = mass (kg)

V = volume (m³)

v_g = specific volume (m³/kg)

The SI units for density are kg/m³. The imperial (U.S.) units are lb/ft³ (slugs/ft³). While people often use pounds per cubic foot as a measure of density in the U.S., pounds are really a measure of force, not mass. Slugs are the correct measure of

Types of Construction Contracts

工程承包合同的类型

 While construction contracts serve as a means of pricing construction, they also structure the allocation of risk to the various parties involved. 工程承包合同作为工程定价工具的同时，还规定了风险在参与各方之间的分配。   The owner has the sole power to decide what type of contract should be used for a specific facility to be constructed and to set forth the terms in a contractual agreement. 业主拥有单独的权利决定应该为建设一个特定的工程而采用哪种合同形式，并在合同中用条款阐明。   It is important to understand the risks of the contractors associated with different types of construction contracts. 掌握各种不同合同形式中承包商的风险是非常重要的。

 􀁺 Lump Sum Contract. 总价合同。

 In a lump sum contract,

Cost Estimation

成 本 估 算

Costs Associated with Constructed Facilities

与建筑设施相关的成本

The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number of cost components.

对业主来说，一项建筑设施的成本包括初始投资和随后的运行与养护费用。这两大项费用又是由许多分项费用组成的。

The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the initial establishment of the facility:

对于一个建设项目，其初始投资包括与建设该设施相关的各项资本投入：

􀁺 Land acquisition, including holding and improvement.

􀁺 取得土地，包括持有和再开发。

􀁺 Planning and feasibility st

The Employer

雇主

Right of Access to the Site

现场进入权

The Employer shall give the Contractor right of access to, and possession of, all parts of the Site within the time (or times) stated in the Particular Conditions. The right and possession may not be exclusive to the Contractor. If, under the Contract, the Employer is required to give (to the Contractor) possession of any foundation, structure, plant or means of access, the Employer shall do so in the time and manner stated in the Employer’s Requirements. However, the Employer may withhold any such right or possession until the Performance Security has been received.

雇主应在专用条件中规定的时间(或几个时间)内，给承包商进入和占用现场各部分的权利。进入和占用权可不为承包商独享。如果根据合同，要求雇主(向承包商)提供任何基础、结构、生产设备或进入手段的占用权，雇主应按雇主要求中规定的时间和方

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD国际标准 

ISO 9001

Third edition

第三版

2000-12-15

Quality  management systems — Requirement

质量管理体系 — 要求

(二)

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公证是国家公证机关根据法律的规定和当事人的申请，按法定程序证明法律行为、有法律意义的事实和文书的真实性、合法性的非诉讼活动。公证书应包括的内容有：(1)公证书编号；(2)当事人的基本情况；(3)公证证词；(4)承办公证员的签名(签字章)、公证处印章和钢印；(5)出证日期等。
英文公证书的格式比较规范，一般说来，公证地名写在左上方，须全用大写字母。ss.(或SS.)写在地名中间。这个缩略语的意义不详，有人认为它代表拉丁字cilicet，表示to wit 或namely(“即”)，也有人认为它有其他来源及含义。公证书正文应和地名相隔三行。

1.1 国外使用的公证书格式

________ , COMMONWEALTH)
                             &

Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces1

评定涂漆钢铁表面生锈程度的标准测试办法

赢在略胜一筹2011-02-28 18:59:30 [举报]

FIDIC建筑合同翻译

1 General Provisions--一般规定

1.1 Definitions--定义

In the Conditions of Contract (“these Conditions”), which include Particular
Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expression_rs
shall have the meaning stated. Words indicating persons or parties include
corporation and other legal entities, except where the context requires
otherwise.在合同条件（“本条件”），包括专用条件和通用条件中，下列词语和措辞应
具有以下所述的含义.除上下文另有要求外，文中人员或当事各方等词语包括公
司和其他合法实体.

1.1.1 The Contract--合同

1.1.1.1 “Contract” means the Contract Agreement, these Conditions, the Employer’s Requirement, the Tender, and further document (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.--“合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和