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II. Guidelines and Suggestions方针和建议

Oral History Reminder List口述历史备忘录（提示纲要）
How Do I Ask the Questions? 如何提问题
Oral History Reminder List口述历史备忘录（提示目录）

Decide your research goals and determine if oral history will help you reach them. You may find that your goals change. Do, however, focus.

1. 决定你的研究目标，然后确定口述历史（的方法）将有助你达到这些目标。你可能发现你的目标改变了。但是，一定要专心去做。

Conduct preliminary research using non-oral sources.

2. 使用非口头的资源开展初步的研究

Define your population sample. How will you select the people you will interview? Contact potential interviewees, explain your project, and ask for help.

3. 明确你的人口样本。你要怎样选择你要采访的人？与潜在的受采访者联系，解释你的项目并要求提供帮助。

Assemble your equipment to fit your purposes. Research and choose the kind of recording that you need to produce and then choose your equipment. For example, does it need to be broadcast quality? Does it need a long life? What can you afford?

4. 工欲善其事，必先利其器。整合好你的设备以适应你的目的。研究和选择你需要制作的录音的种类，再选择你的设备。比如，它需要能够广播的质量吗？它需要长期保存吗？什么是你可以负担得起的？

Use an external microphone for better sound quality. This also applies to video.

5. 使用外接的麦克风，以求更好的声音质量。这也用于视频录像。

Test your equipment beforehand and get to know how it works under various conditions. Practice using your equipment before you go to the real interview.

6. 事先检测你的设备，了解它在各种环境下的工作原理。在你去实际采访之前，要练习使用你的设备。

If audio casssette taping, use sixty-minute tapes that screw together.

7.如果使用录音磁带录音，就用缠在一起的60分钟的磁带。

Compile a list of topics or questions.

8. 编制一个话题或问题的清单目录

Practice interviewing.

9. 练习采访

Make a personalized checklist of things you must remember to do before, during, and after the interview.

10. 制订一个个性化的、在采访之前，采访中间和之后你必须记住要做的事情的检查清单。

Verify your appointment a day or two before the interview.

11. 在采访之前一两天要核实你的预约

On the day of the interview, give yourself extra time to get there.

12. 在采访的当天，给你自己足够的时间到达那里。

Interview and record in a quiet place. When setting up, listen for a moment. Make adjustments, such as stopping the pendulum on the tick-tock clock, putting out the dog that’s chewing noisily on the recorder cord, and closing the door on the noisy traffic.

13. 在安静之处采访和录音。在开始采访的时候，听听周围的声音，做出调整。如停止钟表的摇摆，将在录音时汪汪乱叫的狗放出去。在嘈杂的交通路段要把门关上。

Make sure the interviewee understands the purpose of the interview and how you intend to use it. This is not a private conversation.

14. 确保被采访人了解采访的目的以及你将如何使用它。这可不是私人谈话。

Start each recording with a statement of who, what, when, and where you are interviewing.

15. 开始每次录音时要陈述一遍你在采访谁，采访什么，采访的时间和地点

Listen actively and intently.

16.积极专注地倾听。

Speak one at a time.

17. 一次说一件事。

Allow silence. Give the interviewee time to think. Silence will work for you.

18.允许沉默。给受访者思考的时间。沉默会起作用的。

Ask one question at a time.

19. 一次只问一个问题。

Follow up your current question thoroughly before moving to the next.

20.在进行下一个问题之前，完整地重复一遍你当前的问题

Usually ask questions open enough to get "essay" answers unless you are looking for specific short-answer "facts."

21. 一般情况下，问那些足够开放性的问题以获得论断性的回答。除非你要寻找具体的关乎事实的简短答案。

Start with less probing questions.

22.以不太深入锐利的问题开始。

Ask more probing questions later in the interview.

23.在随后的采访中再问更为深入锐利的问题。

Wrap up the interview with lighter talk. Do not drop the interviewee abruptly after an intense interview.

24. 以较为轻松的谈话结束采访。在一次紧张的采访之后，不要唐突地扔下受访者。

Be aware of and sensitive to the psychological forces at work during the interview.

25.采访中要注意并敏感于心理因素（不仅要注意还要相当敏感。）

Limit interviews to about one to two hours in length, depending on the fatigue levels of you and your interviewee.

26.根据你和受访者的疲劳程度，把采访时间限定为一到两个小时。

In general, don't count on photos to structure your interview, but you can use them as initial prompts. Carry large envelopes for borrowed and labeled artifacts such as photos.

27. 一般情况下，不要指望照片来组织你的采访，但是你可以使用照片来作为最初的提示。携带一些大的信封用来存放借来的并做过标记的人工产品如照片。

Label and number all recordings immediately.

28. 立即给所有录音做标识和编号。

Have the interviewee sign the release form before you leave or send a transcript to the interviewee for correction before the release form is signed.

29.在你离开之前，让受访者在授权书上签字，或者在签署授权书前送副本给受访者修改。

After the interview, make field notes about the interview.

30. 采访之后，就此次采访做一现场记录。

Write a thank-you note.

31. 写一封感谢信。

Have a system to label and file everything. Do it.

32. 建立一个标识文档和将所有物品文档归档保存的系统。一定要做。

Copy borrowed photos immediately and return the originals. Handle all photos by the edges and transport them protected by stiff cardboard in envelopes. Make photocopies for an interim record.

33.立即复制借来的照片并归还原件。所有照片只能用手拿它的边部，转运时将它们用硬纸片保护放入信封。制作照片复件供临时备案。

34.Copy each interview tape. Store the original in a separate place and use only the duplicate.

34.复制每盘采访录音磁带，将原磁带另外保存，只使用复制件。

Transcribe or index the recordings. Assign accession numbers to recordings and transcripts. Make copies of all work. Store separately.

35. 誊写并为录音做索引。为录音和副本分配登录号。复制所有作品，分开保存。

Analyze the interview. Verify facts. Compare your results with your research design. Did you get what you need? What further questions do the interview results suggest? What improvements in your method do the interview results suggest?

36. 对采访进行分析。核实事实。将你的（采访）结果与你的研究设计方案作比较。你得到你所需要的东西了吗？这次采访结果提示了哪些更进一步的问题？这次采访结果在你的方法上提示了哪些是应该改进的地方？

Go back for another interview if necessary.

37.如果有必要，回头再做一次采访。

If you decide to, give the interviewee a copy of the recording or transcript. Ask for transcript corrections and a release form.

38. 如果你决定了，给受访者一个录音的复制件或副本。要求对副本进行修改和一份授权书。

Make provisions for long-term storage.

39. 制定供长期保存的条款。

How do I ask the questions? 如何提问题？

In general, have a list of topics in mind, not specific questions, word-for-word, and not a specific sequence. You may, however, want to have a start-up list of questions to get your interviewee and yourself comfortable before you change to your topic list. 总的来说，在心里要列出一个话题清单，既不是具体的问题，逐字逐句的，也没有一个特别的顺序。但是，你可能想要一个开场时的问题列表来使你的受访人和你自己在转入正题时感觉很顺畅。
Do plan the topic and form of your first substantial question after the "settling down" phase. Ask a question that will prompt a long answer and "get the subject going." 要设计在寒暄过后你要提出的实质性问题的话题和形式。要问一个可以激发出长长的答案的问题，并使这个主题继续发展下去。
Ask easy questions first, such as brief biographical queries. Ask very personal or emotionally demanding questions after a rapport has developed. End as you began, not with bombshells, but gently with lighter questions. 首先问些简单的问题。如简要的询问个人简历。待良好的个人关系已经建立后，再问一些非常个人的，在感情上要求苛刻的问题。在结束采访时，和采访开始时一样，不要以使人震惊的问题结束，而要有礼貌的以较为轻松的问题来结束采访。
Ask questions one at a time. 一次问一个问题。
Allow silence to work for you. Wait. 允许沉默，沉默会起作用的。等待。
Be a good listener, using body language such as looking at the interviewee, nodding, and smiling to encourage and give the message, "I am interested." 做一个好的倾听者。用肢体语言如看着受访者、点头、微笑来鼓励受访者并给以“我很感兴趣”的信息。
If necessary, use verbal encouragement such as "This is wonderful information!" or "How interesting!" Be careful, however, not to pepper the interview with verbal encouragement such as "uh-huh," said at the same time that the interviewee is speaking. 如果有必要，就说些鼓励的话，如，“这个资料太重要了！”或者“真有意思！”但是要注意，不要接二连三地在受访者谈话时用诸如“嗯，嗯”这样的口头鼓励的话语。
Ask for specific examples if the interviewee makes a general statement and you need to know more. Or you might say, "I don't understand. Could you explain that in more detail?" 如果受访者做了概括性的陈述，而你又需要了解的更多，可要求举出具体的事例。或者你可以说，“我不明白。你能更详细地解释一下吗？”
Ask for definitions and explanations of words that the interviewee uses and that have critical meaning for the interview. For example, ask a horseman what he means by the shaft of the buggy. How was it used? What was its purpose? 要求受访者对他使用的且对于采访有重要意义的词语下定义，作出解释。例如，问一个养马人，四轮马车上的“轴”是什么意思?它怎么用？它是用来干什么的？
Rephrase and re-ask an important question several times, if you must, to get the full amount of information the interviewee knows. 对于重要的问题反复询问多次，如果必须，你要得到受访者知道的全部信息。
Unless you want one-word answers, phrase your questions so that they can't be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." Don’t ask, "Were you a farmer on Denny Hill during the 1930s?" Ask stead, "What was it like farming up on Denny Hill during the 1930s?" Ask "essay" questions that prompt long answers whenever you can. Find out not only what the person did, but also what she thought and felt about what she did. 除非你想要一个字的回答，把你的问题措词表达成不能用“是”或者“不是”回答的。不要问，“在一九三0年代，你在Denny Hill上当农民吗？”而要问，“在一九三0年代，在Denny Hill农场的生活是什么样的？” 不论在什么时候，你都要问那些概括性的、可以激发长长的回答的问题。不仅要找出此人当时在做什么，而且还要找出她当时是怎么想的，怎么感觉的。
Ask follow-up questions and then ask some more. 询问后续的问题，之后再问更多的问题。

13. Be flexible. Watch for and pick up on promising topics introduced by the interviewee, even if the topics are not on your interview guide sheet. 要灵活，寻找并选择由受访者提出的有希望的话题，即使这些话题不在你的采访提纲里。

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